<p>Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site is a publicly owned historic property operated by the state of Maine near Pemaquid Beach in Bristol, Maine. The site includes the reconstructed Fort William Henry, archaeological remains of 17th- and 18th-century village buildings and fortifications, and a museum with artifacts found on the site including musket balls, coins, pottery, and early hardware.</p><br>
<p>Pemaquid was a major regional flashpoint in the late 17th-century and early 18th-century conflicts between English and French settlers, and between English settlers and the local Native population. The site has been of historical and archaeological interest since the late 19th century and has been a state park since 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 (as "Pemaquid Restoration and Museum") and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 (as "Pemaquid Archeological Site").</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Colonial Pemaquid is set on a small north-facing peninsula on the south side of the mouth of the Pemaquid River, north of Pemaquid Point, a spit of land in mid-coast Maine. The site is mostly level or gently sloping terrain that has been covered in grass. The site is accessed via a drive from the south, which provides access to parking areas above the main historic settlement area. There is a 20th-century building housing a visitor center and small museum, an 18th-century house that has been repurposed for use as an archaeological laboratory and storage space, and the reconstructed bastion of Fort William Henry at the northwestern tip of the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The eastern portion of the site is where the major colonial village was located, and is now only visible as a series of depressions in the grass. The western portion of the site is where Fort William Henry, the 17th-century fortification, and Fort Frederick, the 18th-century fortification, were located. Foundational remnants of some of the buildings remain. Archaeological remains have been judged to have a high state of preservation, since many remains were deep enough to avoid damage when the area was used for agriculture, and those same farming practices resulted in the filling in of cellar holes, further preserving cultural artifacts there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pemaquid has a colonial settlement history dating to the early decades of the 17th century, with a succession of conflicts leading the site to be attacked on several occasions and entirely abandoned twice. The area was used by English and French traders and fishermen on a seasonal basis for some time, and the first documented permanent residence was established in 1628. The Pemaquid peninsula, located between the mouth of the Kennebec River in the west and Penobscot Bay to the east, was considered by the French as part of Acadia, which they claimed extended to the Kennebec. The early English settlers traded with English settlements further south, as well as the local Abenaki people and the French, sometimes in opposition to the policies of the formal New England colonies to the south.</p><br>
<p>In 1664 the area was granted by King Charles II to his brother James, Duke of York, and was made part of the Province of New York. At this time the settlement was reported to have less than 30 houses. By 1673, when the area came under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, there were more than 40 houses and 150-200 residents. King Philips War, a major conflict that engulfed New England in 1675, resulted in attacks on Pemaquid and its outlying settlements, and the community was abandoned in 1676. New York authorities reasserted control over the area after the war, and established a formal administration, granting monopoly trading rights to a few favored residents. In 1688 the area was folded into the Dominion of New England. The Dominion governor Edmund Andros built a wooden fort in 1688, which did not prevent the community from being sacked at the outbreak of King Williams War in 1689 by a combined force of French and Indians.</p><br>
<p>The Dominion of New England collapsed in 1692, and Massachusetts authorities constructed the stone Fort William Henry in that year at great expense. Ongoing hostile relations with both the Natives and the French resulted in continued low-level conflict, which elevated in 1696 to a major attack on the settlement in 1696, in which French colonial forces and Indians were assisted by French naval forces in capturing and razing the settlement. Pemaquid would not be resettled until 1729 due to ongoing Native resistance that was not quelled until the 1720s Dummer&#39;s War.</p><br>
<p>In 1729 David Dunbar, a local crown representative and entrepreneur, sought to establish an colony of Irish settlers called "Georgia" at Pemaquid, and constructed Fort Frederick. Massachusetts political leaders opposed this attempt to establish another colony, and successfully petitioned the king to regain control of the area. Settlers remained, but the area&#39;s military importance declined, especially after New France fell in 1759 during the French and Indian War. Fort Frederick was demolished by local authorities during the American Revolutionary War to prevent its use by British troops, and the area became a rural backwater.</p><br>
<p>Historical interest in the area was stimulated in the late 19th century, and early archaeological investigation uncovered the foundations of the fort. The state acquired the site in 1903, and the large circular bastion of Fort William Henry was reconstructed (based on Colonel Wolfgang William Romer&#39;s drawings dating to 1699) in 1908. The site was investigated by archaeologist Warren K. Moorehead in the 1920s, but systematic investigation of the site did not begin until the 1960s, and continues to this day.</p><br>
<p>Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village is a Shaker village near New Gloucester and Poland, Maine, in the United States. It is the last active Shaker community, with two members. The community was established in either 1782, 1783, or 1793, at the height of the Shaker movement in the United States. The Sabbathday Lake meetinghouse was built in 1794. The entire property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>The Shakers</h2><br>
<p>The Shakers were originally located in England in 1747, in the home of Mother Ann Lee. They developed from the religious group called the Quakers which originated in the 17th century. Both groups believed that everybody could find God within him or herself, rather than through clergy or rituals, but the Shakers tended to be more emotional and demonstrative in their worship. Shakers also believed that their lives should be dedicated to pursuing perfection, continuously confessing their sins, and attempting a cessation of sinning.</p><br>
<p>The Shakers migrated to Colonial America in 1774 in pursuit of religious freedom. They built 19 communal settlements that attracted some 20,000 converts over the next century. The first Shaker village was built in New Lebanon, New York, at the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society. The other 18 communities were built in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia and Florida. Strict believers in celibacy, Shakers maintained their numbers through conversion and adoption of orphans. The group reached its maximum size of about 6,000 full members in 1840.</p><br>
<h2>History of Sabbathday Lake Shakers</h2><br>
<p>The Shaker settlement at Sabbathday Lake was established by a group of Shaker missionaries in 1782, and was then known as Thompson&#39;s Pond Plantation. The first members were from Gorham, Maine. The community grew to over two hundred members in less than a year. Its location in Cumberland County, Maine, made it the most northern and eastern of all the Shaker communes. They raised their meetinghouse in April 1794 and built their first dwelling across the road in 1795.</p><br>
<p>The Sabbathday Lake community grew to a size of 1,900 acre with 26 large buildings by 1850. Buildings on the grounds included the meetinghouse and the Brethren&#39;s Shop, which still holds a working blacksmith shop and woodworking operation. A large new Central Dwelling House was built in 1883 or 1884. The Shakers strived to be as self-sufficient as possible, while being an active part of the community. They built a mill and farm that enabled them to sell produce and commercial goods to the outside world.</p><br>
<h2>Membership</h2><br>
<p>By 1800, more than 140 believers lived at Sabbathday Lake community.</p><br>
<p>By 1850, seventy Shakers lived in the Sabbathday Lake Church Family at New Gloucester.</p><br>
<p>The 1880 census listed 43 believers at Sabbathday Lake. Membership hovered around that level until the 1930s, when only about thirty members remained. Two members remain as of September 2024,</p><br>
<h2>Covenant</h2><br>
<p>In 1957, after "months of prayer", Eldresses Gertrude, Emma, and Ida, the leaders of the United Society of Believers and members of another Shaker settlement, Canterbury Shaker Village, voted to close their Shaker Covenant, the document which they claimed that new members need to sign to become members. In 1988, speaking about the three men and women in their 20s and 30s who had joined the Shakers and were living in the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, Eldress Bertha Lindsay said, "To become a Shaker you have to sign a legal document taking the necessary vows and that document, the official covenant, is locked up in our safe. Membership is closed forever." The Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village is a separate Shaker settlement in its own right and continues to seek new persons to become member Shakers.</p><br>
<p>The Sabbathday Lake Shakers reopened their worship services to the public in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>In the twenty-first century</h2><br>
<p>Membership to the community is still open, and occasionally "novices" explore joining the society.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village has 14 working buildings, including the Central Dwelling House, which includes a music room, chapel, kitchen, and large dining room. The community still holds regular Public Meetings (worship services) on Sundays in the 1794 meetinghouse.</p><br>
<p>Another building with historical significance is the Shaker Library, which houses a rich collection of Shaker records for historical research.</p><br>
<p>Other historic buildings include the Cart and Carriage Shed, Ox Barn, The Girls Shop, Herb House, Brooder House, Wood House, a garage built in 1910 for the groups first car,</p><br>
<p>The Sabbathday Lake Shaker Museum is the largest repository of Maine Shaker culture. Examples of furniture, oval boxes, woodenware, metal and tin wares, technology and tools, "fancy" sales goods, costume and textiles, visual arts, and herbal and medicinal products are among the 13,000 artifacts currently in the Sabbathday Lake collection. Although the collection represents every Shaker Community known to have existed, special emphasis has been placed upon preserving the heritage of the Maine Shaker Communities, including Sabbathday Lake, Poland Hill, Gorham, and Alfred.</p><br>
<h2>Present and future</h2><br>
<p>As Shakers are celibate, new members cannot be born into the group and must join from the outside. Many prospective members regard celibacy as a major obstacle which keeps them from joining. Current members have taken steps to ensure that Sabbathday Lake Village will remain largely unchanged when the final members of the group die.</p><br>
<p>The 1,643 acre of land owned by the Shakers in both Cumberland County and Androscoggin County include Sabbathday Lake which is 340 acre with 5,000 ft of undeveloped shoreline with a beach that is open to the public and the 150 acre Shaker Bog. Other dismantled Shaker villages were converted into housing lots or prisons. In order to avoid this fate at Sabbathday Lake, the Shakers took some preventive measures in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Preservation and conservation easements were sold to Maine Preservation and the New England Forestry Foundation. These two groups, with the help of eight other public and non-profit agencies, are working to cover cost of the easements. The village and surrounding farmland and forests will be protected from development. Brother Arnold Hadd was quoted by the Boston Globe in 2006. "We can&#39;t put up a Wal-Mart. Or a housing development. The land always has to remain for agricultural and forest purposes."</p><br>
<p>The sale of future development rights has enabled the Shakers to restore and maintain the structures of the village. They also make money by leasing 29 cottage lots on Sabbathday Lake, leasing 1,000 acre of forests, 30 acre of farmland and orchards and a gravel pit. Other income sources include production of fancy goods, basket making, weaving, printing, and the manufacturing of some small woodenware. Their operation is run with the help of six year-round employees and six seasonal employees.</p><br>
<p>On January 2, 2017, the community announced that female community member, Sister Frances Carr had died that day. With Carrs death, Sister June Carpenter and Brother Arnold Hadd remained. The Spring/Summer 2019 issue of The Clarion, the Shakers newsletter, makes reference to an additional Shaker in the community, Brother Andrew.</p><br>
<h2>Community life</h2><br>
<p>This community was one of the smaller Shaker groups during the sect&#39;s heyday. They farm and practice a variety of handicrafts; a Shaker Museum and Sunday services are open to visitors. Mother Ann Lee is celebrated on the first Sunday of August to commemorate the arrival of the English Shakers in America in 1774. The congregation sings and a Mother Ann cake is presented.</p><br>
<p>The daily schedule of a Shaker in Sabbathday Lake Village is as follows:</p><br>
<p>The day begins at 7:30 am; the Great Bell on Dwelling House rings, calling everyone to breakfast.</p><br>
<p>At 8:00 am morning prayers start. Two Psalms are read, then passages are read from elsewhere in the Bible. Following this is communal prayer and silent prayer, concluded with the singing of a Shaker hymn.</p><br>
<p>Work for the Shakers begins at 8:30.</p><br>
<p>Work stops at 11:30 for midday prayers.</p><br>
<p>Lunch begins at 12:00. This is the main meal for the Shakers.</p><br>
<p>Work continues at 1:00 pm.</p><br>
<p>At 6:00 it is supper time, the last meal of the day.</p><br>
<p>On Wednesdays at 5:00 pm they hold a prayer meeting which is followed by a Shaker Studies class.</p><br>
<p>The last two Shakers own all the property communally, and confess their sins to each other. The village regularly receives visitors, and Arnold and June teach them how to make soap and bind books. The money generated from these workshops keeps the village alive.</p><br>
<h2>Shaker Trust</h2><br>
<p>To preserve their legacy, as well as their idyllic lakeside property at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, the Shakers announced in October 2005 that they had entered into a trust with the state of Maine and several conservation groups. Under this agreement, the Shakers will sell conservation easements to the trust, allowing the village to stave off development and continue operations as long as there are Shakers to live there.</p><br>
<p>The agreement does not specify whether the property will become a park, museum, or other public space should the Shakers die out. That decision would be made by a nonprofit corporation—the United Society of Shakers, Sabbathday Lake Inc.—whose board members are largely non-Shakers. The $3.7 million conservation plan relies on grants, donations, and public funds.</p><br>
<p>Augusta Downtown Historic District is a historic district that encompasses most of Downtown Augusta, Georgia and its pre-Civil War area.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Notable historic sites</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Augusta is home to many historical sites. Some of these include:</p><br>
<p>Academy of Richmond County - 1801 campus— Designed by Richard Clarke, completed in 1801-2 and was the first educational institute in the state. The two original buildings on Bay Street were wood-framed, and their deterioration led to the construction of the Telfair Street campus.</p><br>
<p>Augusta Cotton Exchange Building— built in the 1880s at the height of cotton production and trade in Augusta. Now a branch of Georgia Bank and Trust.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Most Holy Trinity</p><br>
<p>Congregation of B&#39;nai Israel Synagogue - Opened in 1869 and the oldest standing synagogue in Georgia.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church of Augusta</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art— Founded in 1937 and is the only independent non-profit visual arts school in the Augusta-Aiken metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>Lamar Building— Built in 1913 and, with 16 floors, is the third tallest building in Augusta. It was designed by architect William Lee Stoddart.</p><br>
<p>Old Government House— Housed the seat of the local government from 1801 to 1821. Now a reception hall.</p><br>
<p>Old Medical College of Georgia Building— Housed the Medical College of Georgia from 1835 to 1913. Now a conference & events center for the medical school.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Cultural Center— Built in 1900 and is a former Roman Catholic church. Now an events center.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church— Founded in 1750, it is the oldest church in Augusta. Was burned to the ground in 1916 with many other buildings. It was rebuilt in 1919.</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office and Courthouse</p><br>
<p>Downtown Augusta contains a large amount of historical homes, many being built in the 19th century. Some of these homes include:</p><br>
<p>Brahe House</p><br>
<p>Joseph Rucker Lamar Boyhood Home— Lamar resided here when he was studying law.</p><br>
<p>Phinizy Residence</p><br>
<p>Platt Fleming Walker d&#39;Antignac House</p><br>
<p>Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home— The residence of Woodrow Wilson until the age of 14.</p><br>
<p>Zachary Daniels House</p><br>
<p>The Dorsey Mansion is a log and stone mansion built in 1878 by Stephen W. Dorsey, a controversial carpetbagging Republican who served as United States Senator from Arkansas during the Reconstruction from 1873 until 1879. The mansion is located 12 miles north of US Route 56, north-east of Springer, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>While a senator, Dorsey purchased land near Chico Springs, New Mexico, and built a 36-room Gothic Victorian palace between 1878 and 1886. The architectural styles include log cabin (built between 1878 and 1880) as well as an Arthurian stone fortress in 1884. The dining room was the largest room in any home in the region, and it could seat 60 people. It had a marble fireplace imported from Italy. The art gallery had a cathedral ceiling, and exhibited paintings imported from overseas. There were nine bedrooms, and the first indoor toilet in the region. There was a swimming pool and fountain in the front yard facing a tower that was decorated with gargoyle representations of Dorsey, his wife, and brother. The swimming pool had three islands and a gazebo. There was a billiard room, and Dorsey held parties that were famous throughout the Southwest.</p><br>
<p>Dorsey acquired much of the money for the house through corrupt mail contracts, giving him the nickname of Star Route Stephen. In 1881, President Chester Arthur ordered the prosecution of Dorsey and eight accomplices. However, the trial in Washington, DC resulted in a hung jury. Dorsey ran his Mountain Spring cattle ranch, using his famous Triangle Dot brand, content to be on the ranch because "my cattle do not vote." In the late 1880s he established the nearby town of Clayton, New Mexico, which he named for his son Clayton. Dorsey attempted to become a leader of the Republican party in New Mexico, but his debts and lawsuits thwarted his ambitions.</p><br>
<p>By 1892, Dorsey and his wife were almost destitute. For a while, the Dorseys operated the Mansion as a tuberculosis sanatorium. They moved to Los Angeles, where Dorseys wife Helen died in 1897, and Dorsey died in 1916, almost penniless. After Helens death, the Mansion was badly encumbered by creditor&#39;s liens. In 1901, the Mansion was sold at auction to Solomon Floersheim, one of the creditors.</p><br>
<p>There were a series of owners during the first half of the 20th century. These included Dr. H. B. Masten (1902), William Van Bruggen (1907), Lewis Griggs (1912). The Post Office and Mercantile closed in the 1950s, and many of the outbuildings collapsed. K.E. Deaton bought the property and adjoining 40 acre in 1966, and tried to renovate the Mansion. After Deaton&#39;s death, his heirs sold the property to the State of New Mexico in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The New Mexico State Museum concluded that the Mansion was too expensive to renovate properly. On December 4, 1987, the Dorsey Mansion State Monument was sold to Dr. Roger W. Akers and Sandra Henning. They are the current owners. At present, the Mansion is not open for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Cass–Davenport Historic District is a historic district containing four apartment buildings in Detroit, Michigan, roughly bounded by Cass Avenue, Davenport Street, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The Milner Arms Apartments  abuts, but is not within, the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The four apartment buildings within this district represent the change in apartment building design in the city of Detroit: from the small luxury apartment buildings constructed just after the turn of the twentieth century to the large scale apartment buildings constructed between 1915 and 1930.</p><br>
<p>Two of the four apartment buildings, the Davenport Apartment Building and the Chesterfield Apartments, were constructed by Theodore F. Shotwell during the first phase of apartment construction. These apartment buildings were small in scale, and included a small number of spacious units, designed to attract upper- and upper-middle class tenants. In 1905, Shotwell purchased land for the two buildings, and commissioned the masonry contracting and building firm of Putnam & Moore to erect the seven-unit Davenport Apartment at a cost of $10,500. In 1911, Shotwell began construction on the Chesterfield, at a cost of $26,000. The first tenants of the two buildings were lawyers, executives, and widows.</p><br>
<p>As the automotive industry brought a population boom to the city of Detroit, demand for housing increased substantially. In response, apartment buildings were constructed that were larger scale, high density buildings, with many smaller and more utilitarian apartments to appeal to the primarily middle-class workers looking for housing. The remaining two apartments in this district were constructed in this time period. In 1924, John and George Pouroujalian hired architect John Bergman to design the Aderna Court Apartments, which were built for approximately $119,000. The Aderna Court contained retail space on the first floor in addition to apartments above, and some of the first commercial tenants included a beauty shop, laundry, and tavern. Also in 1924, the firm of Pollmar and Ropes designed the Naomi Apartments, which were valued at $447,000 upon completion.</p><br>
<p>Of the four, only the Aderna Court Apartments have been continuously occupied. The Davenport and Naomi Apartments have also been slated for redevelopment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district includes four apartment buildings near the corner of Cass Avenue and Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard: These buildings are all three to six stories tall and are constructed of brick with limestone or cast stone details. The group of buildings reflect a change in apartment building design in Detroit: starting with the small scale, luxurious apartment buildings built near the turn of the 20th century and continuing to the large scale, high density apartment buildings constructed between 1915 and 1930.</p><br>
<p>These buildings are:</p><br>
<h3>Davenport Apartments, 149 Davenport</h3><br>
<p>The Davenport Apartment is a Beaux-Arts, apartment building, constructed in 1905 by Putnam and Moore. The small building measures 50 feet by 55 feet. The facade is symmetric, with a masonry-clad ground floor. The center entrance is surrounded by masonry, with a cornice above and balconet below the second story window. Multi-sided bay windows run the height of the building at the corners of the front facade. The windows across the front have large lower panes and subdivided transoms above.</p><br>
<h3>Chesterfield Apartments (Bon Rea Apartments),</h3><br>
<p>The Chesterfield Apartments is a Classical Revival, apartment building, constructed in 1911, and designed by Baxter and O&#39;Dell. The four-story building sits on a raised basements, and measures 70 feet by 80 feet, The facade is symmetric, and contains a central three story, monumental portico with square brick piers and ornamental iron railings. The portico contains porches on the upper floors. The bays flanking the center contain groupings of paired windows on stone sills. Two stone stringcourses separate the first and second floors, and separate the fourth floor from the large cornice above.</p><br>
<h3>Aderna Court Apartments (Wayne Court Apartments), 3527 Cass</h3><br>
<p>The Aderna Court Apartments is a Tudor Revival apartment building, constructed in 1924, and designed by John Bergman. It is a four-story brick building with a flat roof, measuring 67 feet by 136 feet. The first floor is stone faced, and contains storefront openings. The sides have two light courts each. The front facade is symmetrical, and divided into three bays. The narrower center bay holds the entrance, above which the bay projects slightly outward, forming a three-story tall oriel window. To each side of the central bay are a variety of window openings.</p><br>
<h3>Naomi Apartments (Cass Plaza Apartments), 3550 Cass</h3><br>
<p>The Naomi Apartments is an Italian Renaissance apartment building, constructed in 1924 and designed by Pollmar and Ropes. It is a six-story brick structure measuring 60 feet by 166 feet. The facade is symmetrical, with a stone-covered first floor and stringcourse above, separating it from the upper floors. The windows are regularly arranged, with a flat arch overtop. The sixth floor has ornate arched window openings, with a cornice frieze below the floor and another decorative cornice above. The building has undergone $17 million renovation and restoration beginning in 2014 and has reopened in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Nest Dam is a dam just east of the town of Eagle Nest, New Mexico on USA Route 64. The dam, on private property, is on the Cimarron River, and is responsible for Eagle Nest Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1907, two wealthy ranchers, Frank Springer and Charles Springer, and the Cimarron Valley Land Company were granted a water permit to impound the water of the Cimarron River for irrigation by building a dam. Construction of the dam began in 1916, and continued until 1918. The dam is 140 ft high and has an arc length of 400 ft. At the top, the dam is 9.5 ft wide, and it is 45.2 ft wide at the base. It is considered the largest privately built dam in the United States. The resulting lake, known as Eagle Nest Lake has an area of 2,500 acre and measures 5 mi long, and 2 mi wide. The dam was constructed by laborers from the Taos Pueblo. It is named Eagle Nest Dam for the eagles that made themselves a home on the sides of the dam. The dam sits between two granite walls, and as part of the plans, the Springers had to reroute USA Route 64 to its current location, over McAvoy Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Water rights</h2><br>
<p>To help finance the dam, Springer sold some water rights from Eagle Nest Lake to local farmers and ranchers. These original rights are known as vested rights. In 1951, the State of New Mexico adjudicated the watershed of the Cimarron River. This adjudication confirmed Springer&#39;s original permit which gave him the right to store surplus and flood water in the Eagle Nest Lake. There were many other court cases, and one of them ended up in the New Mexico State Supreme Court in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Today, Eagle Nest Lake still serves its intended purpose as a reservoir, which provides irrigation water via the Cimarron River and a complex canal system, to many farmers and ranchers, some as far as 50 miles downstream. Some of the water rights from Eagle Nest Lake have been purchased by local municipalities including Raton and Springer. The villages of Angel Fire, Eagle Nest, and Cimarron can also get their water from the lake.</p><br>
<h2>State ownership</h2><br>
<p>In 2002, the State of New Mexico bought the lake, and it is now operated by the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission (ISC), but owners maintained their water rights. After New Mexico bought the lake, various water users approached Governor Bill Richardson in hopes of mediation to end the litigation over water rights. Governor Richardson and the local governing bodies signed the Eagle Nest Water Rights Settlement on June 2, 2006. This settlement specifies that all users share in water shortages. The sharing arrangement is prorated based on the amount of water in the lake on June 1 of each year. All users will be treated equally, including the so-called Tier-Two users who make bulk water purchases. The agreement can be viewed on the web. The state established the Eagle Nest Lake State Park for use of the lake for recreational purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Baca–Goodman House was a single-dwelling home in Tucumcari, New Mexico, United States. Tucumcari merchant Benito Baca built the house around 1905, and subsequent owner Herman Goodman expanded it in the 1920s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as an example of early 20th century New Mexico architecture, but it was removed from the Register four years later.</p><br>
<p>Whitley Court is a cluster of Spanish Colonial bungalows built from 1903 to 1919 just north of Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>The first structure, built in 1903, was a two-story Colonial Revival house with a round bay turret designed by Dennis & Farwell for the Whitley family. The original house was moved to the back of the property to make room for four additional two-story residential buildings. The buildings provided housing for those employed in the booming film industry, and its residents are rumored to have included Theda Bara in the 1920s and Sylvia Sidney in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the buildings were converted to a mix of residential and office space. During the 1992 Los Angeles riots, fires burned just 150 feet from Whitley Court, but residents protected the structures with hoses. At the time, one of the owners said, "These buildings are important. You can&#39;t replace a historic building. When it burns, you lose it forever."</p><br>
<p>Whitley Court was designated a Historic Cultural Monument (HCM #448) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1988, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Avenel Cooperative Housing Project, properly known as Avenel Homes, is a 10-unit cooperative housing development designed by architect Gregory Ain, and built in 1947 in the Silver Lake section of Los Angeles. Ain&#39;s innovative design has been called "a model for effective use of limited space for low-cost urban housing."</p><br>
<h2>Members</h2><br>
<p>Of the ten original members of the cooperative, at least four were blacklisted or questioned by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Resident and architect Richard Corsini noted: "Most of the people that originally lived here were path-breaking political types," and even after the communist cooperative broke up, the structures remained popular with progressive homeowners. (The claim that the units were originally built for a group of motion picture cartoonists and their families is not correct, but applies instead to Ain&#39;s Community Homes project of the same period.)</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Avenel Homes consists of ten identical three-bedroom units of 960 ft&sup2, situated on two 60 ft lots, each 140 ft deep. The units are organized in two rows of five, attached, and stepping back from the street in a saw-tooth pattern. This configuration gives each unit a front door and a private back patio.</p><br>
<p>Though small, the unit-plan was noteworthy for its flexibility and openness. It included a sliding wall between the master bedroom and living room, and another between the two smaller bedrooms. Ains original plan for an open&#39; kitchen was rejected by the Federal Housing Administration.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the Los Angeles Times ran a 1,500-word feature article about the Avenel project. At that time, one of three remaining original residents, Serril Gerber, told the Times that he and his wife had joined with nine other couples in seeking out Ain, hiring him to build a low-cost complex with a high quality of design. Gerber said, "We&#39;d seen these modern houses in magazines, and we liked the idea of having a living space that is both indoors and outdoors. We liked the idea of doing something really modern, and we liked Greg. He was a radical person in his thinking, because he wanted to put his ideas in the service of regular people. That was his mission, really." Each couple contributed $11,000 to the project.</p><br>
<h2>Modifications and restoration</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, the units had been substantially modified by homeowners, and all but one had expanded the living space to include the outdoor patio area. Also, though built for families of four, most owners had found the units more comfortable for two persons and had converted the master bedrooms into dens.</p><br>
<p>Preservation architect Gordon Olschlager moved into one of the units in 1992 and restored it using Ains original drawings. Olschlager removed additions that were not part of Ains original design. Olschlager also restored the sliding glass walls and sliding wood room dividers.</p><br>
<p>By 2002, the units had become "magnets for architecture buffs" and were selling for "well over $300,000."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Avenel Homes was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Brownington Village Historic District is a historic site in Brownington, Vermont, United States. It is located near the intersection of Hinman and Brownington Center roads. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1973. The district consists of five buildings within the Old Stone House Museum complex and three neighboring houses, dating from the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Brownington was a community on the Hinman Settler Road, a primary route in the county. It was on the stagecoach route from Boston, Massachusetts to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Prior to 1816, the village was one of two county seats. Residents developed a number of facilities to take advantage of the town&#39;s situation.</p><br>
<h2>Old Stone House (Athenian Hall)</h2><br>
<p>Alexander Twilight alone constructed this four-story granite building which was used as a dormitory for out-of-town boarding students at the nearby Orleans County Grammar School. He called it "Athenian Hall." Granite was almost never used in building construction in the early 19th century in Orleans County. No one knows where the granite came from.</p><br>
<p>The dormitory closed in 1859, two years after Twilight&#39;s death. The Orleans County Historical Society bought it in 1918 for $500. Today it is called "The Old Stone House Museum." It is one of the best-preserved institutional buildings of its era in the United States. Operated as an historical museum, it contains collections of 18th, 19th, and early 20th-century furniture, paintings, decorative art, folk art, tools and household items.</p><br>
<h2>Alexander Twilight House</h2><br>
<p>Across the road from the Old Stone House is Alexander Twilight&#39;s own house, which he built in 1830. He and his wife accepted several boarding students at their house each year; these students slept in rooms on the second floor of the house. Students continued to board with the Twilights after Athenian Hall dormitory was built. The Orleans County Historical Society bought the house in 1999. It has been restored and serves as a visitor center for the Museum and as an office for the Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Lawrence Barn</h2><br>
<p>This is an English-style barn built during the first half of the 19th century. It is similar to the one that was originally associated with the Twilight House. It was moved to its present site in 1997. It houses an exhibit illustrating two centuries of farming in Orleans County.</p><br>
<h2>Museum Education Center</h2><br>
<p>This building was probably the original house on the site of the Alexander Twilight House. It was donated to the Museum in 1978 and is used as an education center.</p><br>
<h2>Cyrus Eaton House</h2><br>
<p>Cyrus Eaton, a friend of Twilight, built this house in 1834. The architecture is late Federal-style, partially remodeled in the vernacular Greek Revival style. The building has been thoroughly restored, including the cedar shake roof. It contains the archives and research collections of the Historical Society. Behind the house is a well established mid-nineteenth century perennial garden.</p><br>
<h2>Samuel Read Hall House</h2><br>
<p>This house was built by George West in 1831 in the Federal style. For 21 years it was the home of Samuel Read Hall, who taught at the Orleans County Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>Purchased by the Historical Society in 2006, the Samuel Read Hall House is being restored.</p><br>
<h2>Brownington Congregational Church and Village Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The church was completed in 1841. Both Twilight and Hall were ministers there. In 1899 Brownington native William Barstow Strong, who had attended the Orleans County Grammar School, paid for extensive remodeling of the church&#39;s interior and furnished a bell and spire for the belfry.</p><br>
<h2>Prospect Hill and Observatory Tower</h2><br>
<p>When the classrooms of the grammar school were nearby, students climbed this hill for evening vespers. In 1898, Strong built an observatory at the top. This was recreated by the Grange in 1975 for the national bicentennial. It was rebuilt again in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Rice and Going Hotel</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1815, this farmhouse was once operated as a hotel. It is privately owned today.</p><br>
<h2>Orleans County Grammar School</h2><br>
<p>William Baxter paid for the construction of this building in 1823. It was constructed at the base of Prospect Hill. In 1869, it was moved down the road by about 1/3 miles. The building was owned by the town of Brownington and housed the Grange.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, it was moved west of the church closer to the District. Simulating the work of the 19th century, 44 oxen appeared to be hitched to the historic building to tow it to the new site.</p><br>
<p>St. Nicholas Croatian Church is a Roman Catholic church in Millvale, Pennsylvania, US within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is noted for its murals by Maxo Vanka, painted in 1937 and 1941, such as Immigrant Mother Raises Her Sons for American Industry and The Capitalist. Time in 1937 described the murals as "one of the few distinguished sets of church murals in the U. S."</p><br>
<p>St. Nicholas remains an active parish church in the Diocese of Pittsburgh as of 2023. In 2019 it was reorganized as a personal (non-territorial) parish within the Shrines of Pittsburgh, a grouping of six churches with unique histories which the diocese hoped to promote as pilgrimage and visitor destinations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was established in 1900 following a bitter split from the similarly named St. Nicholas Croatian Church about 2 mi downriver on East Ohio Street in Troy Hill. The cornerstone was laid for the new church in July 1900 and it was completed in November of the same year. The building was designed in the Romanesque Revival style by Pittsburgh architect Frederick C. Sauer and cost about $34,000 in total. Andrew Carnegie donated a pipe organ which was installed in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the church burned down, believed to be the result of arson. Sauer was again contracted to prepare plans for a replacement church, which was basically a pared-down version of his original design. This current church building was dedicated on May 30, 1922.</p><br>
<p>After the rebuilding of the church, the parish had a debt of almost $100,000. The pastor of the other St. Nicholas parish in Troy Hill, Albert Zagar, had been successful in clearing the debt there, so in 1931 he was transferred to St. Nicholas in Millvale. By 1937, he had paid off most of the debt and decided to put some money toward decorating the church. Seeking an artist who would understand the cultural background of the parish, he approached the well connected Slovene-American writer Louis Adamic, who recommended his friend Maksimilijan "Maxo" Vanka. Vanka, a former professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb, had struggled to find work since immigrating to the United States and happily accepted the commission to create murals for the church.</p><br>
<p>Vanka painted the first set of murals from April to June, 1937, working every day until 2 or 3 in the morning. During this time, he became convinced that the church was haunted by a ghostly, black-robed figure, which Adamic later wrote about in a piece for Harper&#39;s Magazine titled The Millvale Apparition. Nevertheless, he completed the murals on schedule. Although Vanka had "upset tradition in his introduction of labor scenes... within the sacred precincts of a church", the murals were met with acclaim from the press as well as church officials. As a result, Vanka was invited back to complete a second set of murals in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The later murals were dedicated on November 16, 1941. With World War II then raging in Europe, these murals featured much more overtly anti-war subject matter than the earlier ones. With the completion of the full set of murals, the Pittsburgh Press wrote that the artwork would "put near the top of the must list of places to see in the Pittsburgh district", while the Sun-Telegraph wrote that Vanka and Zagar were "tossing the dogmas of religious art into the ash-can". Vanka himself described the murals as "my contribution to America".</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>A total of 25 fresco murals by Maxo Vanka are painted on the apse, walls, and ceiling of the church, covering a total area of approximately 4,500 ft2. Vanka painted the first set of murals in 1937 and added the rest in 1941. The subject matter of the murals includes a combination of traditional religious imagery and social themes related to the Croatian American experience, such as war, injustice, and exploitation of workers.</p><br>
<p>The apse and ceiling vaults are decorated in the Byzantine tradition, with an image of Mary, Queen of Heaven, above the altar and depictions of the Ascension of Jesus and the Four Evangelists on the ceiling. Elsewhere, Vanka included scenes from the Old and New Testaments, images of saints, and scenes depicting the Croatian immigrant experience such as Immigrant Mother Raises Her Sons for American Industry, in which a group of Croatian women mourn over a young man killed in a mining accident. Other murals include allegorical depictions of injustice and inequality in America, such as The American Capitalist, in which a wealthy businessman sits before an elaborate meal while ignoring a beggar, and Injustice, which depicts a hooded figure wearing a gas mask and holding a scale in which a loaf of bread is outweighed by gold. Vanka also included strong anti-war imagery, such as a crucified Jesus being pierced by a World War I soldiers bayonet, and the Virgin Mary breaking a soldiers rifle.</p><br>
<p>An additional mural behind the altar was created by a different artist, Joko Knezevich, in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Society to Preserve the Millvale Murals of Maxo Vanka conducts guided tours of the murals on a regular basis.</p><br>
<p>Belle Grove is a historic plantation located on USA Route 301 in Port Conway, Virginia. The present plantation house was built in 1790.</p><br>
<p>James Madison, a Founding Father and the fourth President of the United States, was born on March 16, 1751, at Belle Grove plantation in an earlier house which no longer stands. Belle Grove plantation was also the childhood home of his mother, Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway. Her father Francis Conway was the namesake for Port Conway.</p><br>
<p>On April 11, 1973, Belle Grove was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Metacomet Mill, built in 1847 by Colonel Richard Borden for the manufacture of cotton textiles, is the oldest remaining textile mill in Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent American Printing Company Mill No. 7 (also known as Fall River Iron Works Mill No.7) was constructed in 1906 for the production of cotton print cloth.</p><br>
<p>Both structures were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and today contain a variety of small businesses.</p><br>
<p>The site was also photographed and surveyed by Jack E. Boucher in 1968, as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>The Metacomet Mill was originally constructed in 1847 by Colonel Richard Borden, a prominent local industrialist who had begun the Fall River Iron Works in 1821. The plans for the mill were brought from Bolton, England by Major Durfee and William Davol, and it was considered a "model mill" for its time. The mill was constructed of native field stones over the stream of the falling Quequechan River, which powered the machinery of the early mill. It originally had a gable roof and was five and one-half stories tall. The Metacomet Mill is also significant in that it was the first recorded use of cast iron girders and beams for mill construction in the United States. The cast iron beams and girders were an improvement on timber supports, which tended to become soft over time, resulting in a slight sagging in the floors, and upsetting the operation of machinery.</p><br>
<p>The Metacomet Mill was substantially enlarged later in the 19th century, and a steam engine was added to supplement the power of the falls. It later became known as "Iron Works" Mill No.6.</p><br>
<p>The American Printing Company Mill No.7, constructed of red brick in 1906, just upstream from the Metacomet Mill, on the site of the former Anawan Mill, also originally built by Colonel Richard Borden in 1825. Mill No. 7 was the last expansion of the American Printing Company, once the largest employer in Fall River during the height of its cotton textile industry. It is also known as "Iron Works" Mill No.7, as this was the name of the cloth-producing division of the same company; a tribute to the company&#39;s roots in 1821. Mill No.7 featured a Gothic-style engine house, which can still be seen today, along Anawan Street.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>Metacomet Mill and American Printing Company Mill Number 7 are the only two mills existing over the falls of the Quequechan River, which once had several mills in the steep stretch between downtown and the waterfront.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s the mill complex was completely surrounded by the construction of Interstate 195 and the approach ramps to the Braga Bridge. Today, it is still possible to view the falls of the Quequechan River, for which the City of Fall River was named. Two small dams, on either side of the Number 7 mill "daylight" into small pools before flowing under the mills. The rest of the river was diverted into underground channels in the 1960s with the highway construction.</p><br>
<p>The Quequechan River "daylights" at the far end of the parking lot for the Metacomet Mill, beneath the Braga Bridge, adjacent to the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>The two historic mills currently contain a variety of small businesses, including the W.O.W. fitness center, and others. One of the site&#39;s two historic brick smokestacks contains a sign advertising the fitness center, while the other contains mobile telephone transmission equipment.</p><br>
<p>Due to highway construction, the site remains a rather isolated pocket between downtown and the waterfront.</p><br>
<p>The Wagon Mound is a butte that was a major landmark for pioneers along the Cimarron Cutoff of the Old Santa Fe Trail, a well-known settlement route connecting St. Louis, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. It is located just east of Wagon Mound, New Mexico, a village named after the butte. The butte is a designated National Historic Landmark, along with Santa Clara Canyon, a site just northwest of the village where travelers on the trail frequently camped and took on water.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wagon Mound is a roughly lozenge-shaped mesa with its highest point at about 6,930 ft. New Mexico State Road 120 runs eastward from the village of Wagon Mound to the north of the mesa, while New Mexico State Road 271 runs southeasterly from the village to its south and west. The village is located directly west of the mesa, with two small mesas, known as the Pilot Knobs, to its west. Wagon Mound is readily visible from the Rabbit Ears, the major landmark further east on the trail.</p><br>
<p>Wagon Mound was an important landmark on the Cimarron Cutoff branch of the Santa Fe Trail for several reasons. First, it was the last major landmark before reaching Santa Fe, signaling the approaching end of the journey to westbound travelers. Second, the Santa Clara Canyon, located about 2 mi to the northwest, had a spring that was a reliable source of water in the desert environment. It also served as a cautionary point, because the topography of Santa Clara Canyon made groups camping there vulnerable to attacks by Native Americans protecting their land from these new settlers, with one notably large attack, the Wagon Mound massacre, occurring in 1850. The route was heavily used between about 1822 and the American Civil War. Usage declined with the advent of the railroad (which followed the Santa Fe Trail route in this area) in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>American Trona Corporation Building is an industrial building on Pacific Avenue between 28th and 30th Streets in the San Pedro neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It was built from 1916-1917 by the American Trona Corporation of California, to process and store salt potash from the company&#39;s mining facilities at Searles Lake in the Mojave Desert, near Trona in eastern San Bernardino County, California. It is now on the grounds of the Fort MacArthur housing annex of the Los Angeles Air Force Base.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building originally included crushers, separators and a network of conveyor belts to process the potash. The building has approximately 25,000 ft&sup2; of interior space on two floors and is said to be one of the largest still existing wood structural spaces in an industrial building on the West Coast. The foundation and interior walls of the first floor were built with reinforced concrete, and the entire upper section is made of wood.</p><br>
<p>Due to advances in methods for separating potash, the plant was used for that purpose for only a short time, and there is some indication that the facility never went into full production.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the building was offered for sale at $200,000 to become part of a proposed submarine naval base at the Los Angeles Harbor. The building was converted to use as a saw mill and warehouse during the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The building became part of the USA Army Fort MacArthur in 1942, and has remained under military ownership since that time. The ownership of Fort MacArthur transferred to the USA Air Force in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Battlefield was the site of the Second Battle of Franklin, which occurred late in the American Civil War. It is located in the southern part of Franklin, Tennessee, on USA 31. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Carter House, which stands today and is open to visitors, was located at the center of the Union position. The site covers about 15 acre. The house and outbuildings still show hundreds of bullet holes. Across the street from the Carter house, the Lotz House was similarly damaged, and the Lotz family huddled in the Carter House basement while the battle raged above. The Carnton Plantation, home to the McGavock family during the battle, also still stands and is likewise open to the public. Confederate soldiers swept past Carnton toward the left wing of the Union army, and the house and outbuildings were converted into the largest field hospital present after the battle. Adjacent to Carnton is the McGavock Confederate Cemetery, where 1,481 Southern soldiers killed in the battle are buried.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the 48 acre surrounding Carnton is another 110 acre of battlefield, which is currently being converted to a city park. Much of the rest of the Franklin battlefield has been lost to commercial development. The spot where Gen. Patrick Cleburne fell, for instance, was covered until late 2005 by a Pizza Hut restaurant. Although the restaurant was purchased by a preservation group and demolished, the Civil War Preservation Trust continues to rank the Franklin battlefield as one of the ten most endangered sites. City officials and historic-preservation groups have recently placed a new emphasis on saving what remains of the land over which this terrible battle raged.</p><br>
<p>Fort Granger is preserved in a 20 acre section that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield is now preserved as part of the 110 acre Eastern Flank Battle Park, which is operated by the city of Franklin.</p><br>
<p>The Trenton Battle Monument is a massive column-type structure in the Battle Monument section of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It commemorates the December 26, 1776, Battle of Trenton, a pivotal victory for the Continental forces and commander George Washington during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Designed by John H. Duncan, the architect of Grant&#39;s Tomb, the monument is an early example of Beaux-Arts architecture in America. The design is based on "The Monument", a 1671 structure built to commemorate the Great Fire of London, on the London street where the 1666 fire started. The height of the Trenton monument is intentionally the same height as the London monument.</p><br>
<p>The hollow Roman-Doric fluted column of the monument is constructed of granite, as is the pedestal which supports it, although slightly darker stone was used to give the base the appearance of more solidity. The column is capped by a small, round pavilion, forming an observation deck; accessible by means of an electric elevator, that has provided thousands of tourists an excellent view of the city and the surrounding scene of the battle. Encircling the column, just above the cap, thirteen electric lights, symbolizing the original Thirteen Colonies, shed their radiance at night.</p><br>
<p>The pavilion is surmounted by an acanthus leaf pedestal where, atop the entire structure, a colossal bronze statue of General George Washington by William Rudolf O&#39;Donovan crowns the monument. Washington is depicted as he appeared at the opening of the engagement and, with his extended right hand, directs the fire of the Continental artillery down King (now Warren) Street. The figure is 13 ft feet tall, while the monument, including the statue, is 150 ft above street level.</p><br>
<p>On the base of the pedestal are two bronze relief panels by Thomas Eakins depicting "The Continental Army Crossing the Delaware River" and "The Opening of the Battle." The latter panel depicts the battery of Alexander Hamilton about to fire down King Street. A third bronze relief panel, "The Surrender of the Hessians," was modeled by Charles Henry Niehaus. On the north side of the pedestal is a bronze tablet presented by the Society of the Cincinnati of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Guarding the entrance to the monument stand two bronze figures of Continental soldiers by ODonovan. One is a statue of Private John Russell, a member of Colonel John Glovers Marblehead Regiment of seafaring men from Marblehead, Massachusetts, who gained fame by transporting Washington&#39;s army across the ice-choked Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776. The other figure is modeled after a likeness of Private Blair McClenachan, of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop, a unit which also took part in the battle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The monument is located in an area of the city known as "Five Points". It was here, at the intersection of Warren (King) Street, North Broad (Queen) Street, Brunswick, Pennington and Princeton Avenues, that the American artillery was placed. From this high vantage point, they dominated the streets of Trenton, preventing the Hessian troops from organizing an effective counterattack.</p><br>
<p>A movement to erect a monument commemorating the victory at Trenton began in 1843. About forty years later in 1886, the property for the monument was acquired by the Trenton Monument Association. To build the monument, the New Jersey legislature appropriated $15,000, Congress $30,000, and citizens contributed $15,000. Monument Park at the "Five Points" was acquired under the provisions of an ordinance passed June 28, 1893.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone was laid Saturday, December 26, 1891, on the 115th anniversary of the Battle of Trenton. The base and pedestal were erected in the spring of 1892, the capstone raised into position on Saturday, August 31, 1893, and the statue of General Washington finally placed atop the shaft September 5 of the same year. The completed memorial was dedicated with elaborate ceremonies on October 19, 1893, the 112th anniversary of the surrender of General Lord Cornwallis at the Siege of Yorktown in Virginia; in attendance were eight governors of the original thirteen states.</p><br>
<p>Although various changes have taken place in the immediate vicinity of the monument since its dedication, the commanding figure of Washington still looks down upon the city, which has developed from what was a small village in 1776. The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>An inoperable elevator makes visiting the vantage point impossible.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Mineola, New York serves the ZIP Code 11501, covering that community in the Towns of North Hempstead and Hempstead, New York, United States, the seat of Long Island&#39;s Nassau County. It is located on the northeast corner of the junction of First and Main Streets.</p><br>
<p>It is a brick building in the Colonial Revival architectural style built in 1936 as part of a massive Depression-era public works project that built many new post offices all over New York. Unusually among New York post offices in that style from that time, it was built in a rough hexagonal shape so that its main entrance could face southwest, towards the corner. It was also one of the last works of the firm of Peabody, Wilson & Brown. For these reasons it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, the only property in Mineola listed so far.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>All six sides of the two-story steel frame building are faced in brick laid in Flemish bond. The entrance terrace is granite, paved with bluestone and using limestone coping, flanked with iron lampposts. The middle three of the five bays are recessed to allow for the limestone enframements around the double doors. Each window bay is topped by a roundel and bronze grille in an abstract eagle form. "United States Post Office" is spelled out by bronze letters between the roundels, and "Mineola, New York" is carved into the frieze above the main entrance. The entire structure is topped by limestone coping and a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior retains the original pink Tennessee marble wainscoting with a dark marble baseboard. The walls above the marble are plaster with a molded cornice between them and the ceiling. The floor is terrazzo with embedded brass strips dividing it into areas of different color. Unusually for a post office of this size built during the 1930s, there is no mural or other artwork of the type commissioned by the Works Progress Administration in the lobby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unincorporated Mineola was already a central community of a primarily agricultural area when it was chosen as the seat of the newly formed county in 1899. In the early decades of the next century, improvements to rail and road transport led to the beginning of suburbanization in Nassau County and the Mineola area. The growth required, among many other things, new postal facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1931 an amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1926 authorized the construction of 136 new post offices in New York. Sixteen of these were to be in Long Island, including Mineola. The site was purchased in 1933, and Peabody, Wilson & Brown, a New York firm best known for some large estates on Long Island such as Charles Millard Pratt&#39;s Seamoor in Glen Cove and the Huntington Town Hall. A.J. Paretta Contracting of Long Island City began work in 1935, finishing the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Mineola post office is the only federal commission the Peabody Wilson firm is known to have undertaken, and one of its last. Julian Livingston Peabody and his wife drowned in January 1935 in the sinking of the passenger liner SS Mohawk off New Jersey, and Archibald Manning Brown left the firm that same year to head the design team planning the Harlem River Houses, the first federally financed housing project in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetic</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival style had been popular for new post offices in New York from 1905 on, when the Geneva post office in the Finger Lakes region became the first in the state to use it. It was heavily used in the 1920s and later on in the 1930s, when new construction intensified as the government tried to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression. With a few exceptions, elements of Colonial buildings were used without trying to emulate any specific building. Aspects of the Mineola post office that most strongly reflect this are its entrance enframements, pediments, roundels and windows.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s also saw the emergence of the Art Deco and associated modernist styles. These made their mark on the Mineola post office in its flat roof, broad limestone decoration and the absence of cornices at the roof line. The abstracted eagle shapes in the roundel grilles are also another touch more in keeping with modernism than Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Julius  is a tavern at 159 West 10th Street and Waverly Place in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is often called the oldest continuously operating gay bar in New York City. Its management, however, was actively unwilling to operate as such, and harassed gay customers until 1966. The April 1966 "Sip-In" at Julius, located a block northeast of the Stonewall Inn, established the right of gay people to be served in licensed premises in New York. This action helped clear the way for gay premises with state liquor licenses.</p><br>
<p>Newspaper articles on the wall indicate it was the favorite bar of Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote and Rudolf Nureyev. In 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to bar lore it was established around 1867 – the same year as the Jacob Ruppert Brewery in the Yorkville neighborhood. Per the current owner, the establishment opened in 1864. Barrels stamped "Jacob Ruppert" are used for tables. Vintage photos of racing horses, boxers and actors are on the wall include drawings of burlesque girls as well as an image signed by Walter Winchell saying that he loves Julius. The bar became a popular watering hole in the 1930s and 1940s due to its proximity to the jazz club Nick&#39;s in the Village.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1950s, it was attracting gay patrons. At the time the New York State Liquor Authority had a rule that ordered bars not to serve liquor to the disorderly, and homosexuals per se were considered "disorderly." Bartenders would often evict known homosexuals or order them not to face other customers in order to avoid cruising. Despite this, gay men continued to be a large part of the clientele into the early 1960s, and the management of Julius, steadfastly unwilling for it to become a gay bar, continued to harass them.</p><br>
<h3>The Sip-In</h3><br>
<p>On April 21, 1966 members of the New York Chapter of the Mattachine Society staged a "Sip-In" at the bar which was to change the legal landscape. Dick Leitsch and Craig Rodwell, the society&#39;s president and vice president respectively, and another society activist, John Timmons, planned to draw attention to the practice by identifying themselves as homosexuals before ordering a drink in order to bring court scrutiny to the regulation. The three were going to read from Mattachine stationery "We are homosexuals. We are orderly, we intend to remain orderly, and we are asking for service."</p><br>
<p>The three first targeted the Ukrainian-American Village Restaurant at St. Marks Place and Third Avenue in the East Village, Manhattan which had a sign, "If you are gay, please go away." The three showed up after a New York Times reporter had asked a manager about the protest and the manager had closed the restaurant for the day. Secondly, they targeted a bar called Doms, which was also closed. They then targeted a Howard Johnsons and a bar called Waikiki where they were served in spite of the note with a bartender saying later, "How do I know theyre homosexual? They ain&#39;t doing nothing homosexual."</p><br>
<p>Frustrated, they then went to Julius, where a clergyman had been arrested a few days earlier for soliciting sex. A sign in the window read, "This is a raided premises." The bartender initially started preparing them a drink but then put his hand over the glass, which was photographed. The New York Times ran the headline "3 Deviates Invite Exclusion by Bars" the next day.</p><br>
<p>The Mattachine Society then challenged the liquor rule in court and the courts ruled that gays had a right to peacefully assemble, which undercut the previous SLA contention that the presence of gay clientele automatically was grounds for charges of operating a "disorderly" premise. With this right established a new era of licensed, legally operating gay bars began. The bar now holds a monthly party called Mattachine.</p><br>
<p>On the anniversary of the Sip-In, a plaque was added in 2022 by the Village Preservation and the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project to commemorate the bar&#39;s role in LGBT history and activism.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent history</h3><br>
<p>In August 2007, the bar was closed briefly after being seized for non-payment of taxes.</p><br>
<h4>Landmark statuses</h4><br>
<p>In 2012, in response to research and a request from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, the New York State Division for Historic Preservation determined Julius eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Separate from that initiative, the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project proposed, sponsored, and prepared the National Register of Historic Places nomination for Julius&#39;. As a result, the building was listed on the New York State Register of Historic Places in 2015 and the National Register in 2016, one day before the 50th anniversary of the "Sip-In."</p><br>
<p>A plaque commemorating the 1966 "sip-in" at Julius was dedicated in April 2022. After preservationists had advocated for the bar to be designated as a city landmark for ten years, The LPC designated the Julius Bar Building as a New York City landmark in December 2022.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Scenes from the film The Boys in the Band (1970) were shot at the bar.</p><br>
<p>Julius was the site of a scene shot in the film Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976). The scene includes Lenny Baker and Christopher Walken.</p><br>
<p>Julius was also featured prominently in the film Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018), starring Melissa McCarthy and Richard E. Grant.</p><br>
<p>The Julius&#39; denial of service was dramatized in the film Stonewall (1995). However, filmmakers moved the denial of service from Julius to the Stonewall Inn.</p><br>
<p>Portland City Hall is the center of city government in Portland, Maine. The fourth city hall built in Portland, it is located at 389 Congress Street, on a prominent rise, anchoring a cluster of civic buildings at the eastern end of Portland&#39;s downtown. The structure was built between 1909 and 1912 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Portland City Hall occupies much of the city block bounded by Congress Street, Myrtle Street, Chestnut Street, and Cumberland Avenue, and stands at the head of Exchange Street. Its original main portion is a U-shaped granite structure, the U open to Congress Street. A modern ell extends along Myrtle Street, behind the right leg of the U. The central portion is three stories in height, with roof dormers fronted by a low balustrade. A tower, 200 ft in height rises from the center of this section. Ground floor windows are set in rounded openings, a feature continued around the wings. There are three entrances, accessed via a broad set of stairs; the central one is topped by the city seal. The wings are two stories in height, with projecting colonnades of Tuscan columns facing the inside of the U. The wings are covered by hip roofs, with a bracketed cornice extending around.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building houses the city&#39;s offices. The organ it houses, the Kotzschmar Memorial Organ, was the second-largest in the world at the time of its construction in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Portland City Hall is the third city hall building in its Congress Street location. It was designed by New York City firm Carrère & Hastings, with local assistance provided by John Calvin Stevens and John Howard Stevens. Inspired by New York City Hall, John M. Carrère considered it one of his finest works. and burned in the Great Fire of 1866.</p><br>
<p>Brass plaques, mounted on the pillars at the base of the steps to the building, commemorate soldiers who fought in the Spanish-American War through Vietnam.</p><br>
<h2>Iterations</h2><br>
<p>There have been four versions of Portland&#39;s city hall between 1833 and the present day:</p><br>
<p>1833 city hall, Market Square (a modified version of the 1825 Market House; demolished in 1888)</p><br>
<p>1862 city hall, Congress Street (destroyed by fire in 1866)</p><br>
<p>1868 city hall, Congress Street (destroyed by fire in 1908)</p><br>
<p>1909 city hall, Congress Street (today&#39;s structure)</p><br>
<p>1862_Portland_City_Hall.pngThe 1868 city hall, pictured around 1904</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage Hotel, is a historic hotel located at 231 6th Avenue North in Nashville, Tennessee. Commissioned by 250 Nashville residents in 1908 and named for Andrew Jackson&#39;s estate, The Hermitage near Nashville, the hotel opened in 1910. It was built in the Beaux-arts style and is the only remaining example of this style of architecture in a commercial building in Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage Hotel was designated a National Historic Landmark on August 28, 2020 for its important role in the final victory of the 19th Amendment dealing with voting rights for women. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, primarily for architectural reasons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hermitage Hotel was constructed in the heart of downtown Nashville, two blocks from the state capitol, where Nashvilles finest residential neighborhood evolved into a business district early in the 20th century. Commissioned by 250 locals in 1908, The Hotel Hermitage opened its doors on Saturday, September 17, 1910. It was Nashvilles third "skyscraper" to be built downtown. In 1910, the new hotel advertised its rooms as "fireproof, noise proof, and dust proof, rooms $2.00 and up." The hotel opened with every possible modern convenience, including a telephone and circulating ice water in all guest rooms, and high standards of guest service.</p><br>
<p>The lobby itself was — and still is — the main focal point of the hotel, a spacious Beaux-Arts masterpiece graced with a profusion of ornamental plaster and a painted glass ceiling. From the street entrance, a grand staircase leads to the lobby with walls distinctively built of golden-hued Sienna Marble. The Main Dining Room (now the Grand Ballroom) was located off the lobby area and was richly detailed with Circassian walnut walls and an ornate ceiling, features that still exist today. A social room to the front of the hotel was elevated above lobby level and named the Loggia (now the Veranda). It was designed in an Italian Renaissance style, clad in ornamental white and polychrome terra cotta with arched openings and balconies overlooking the street. Downstairs, was the Grille Room (now named Drusie & Darr), which was originally designed as a rathskeller (also ratskeller) with vaulted ceilings and wood paneling.</p><br>
<p>Along the street entrance, an array of shops included a pharmacy and clothing store, later a familiar place for many Nashville natives as an American Airlines ticket office. The original hotel included an exhibit hall on the ninth (top) floor, salesmen "sample rooms" on the eighth floor, a cigar and newsstand in the lobby, and a barbershop on the Grille level.</p><br>
<p>As one of Nashvilles leading hotels, it was a national platform for both pro- and anti-suffrage forces in 1920, when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution giving women the right to vote. The hotel also had early musical roots and influences in Nashville with its hotel "big band", the Francis Craig Orchestra. Mr. Craig and his musicians were part of the first days live radio broadcast of newly formed station WSM in October 1925, the same station that soon developed the Grand Ole Opry programming. Craig, on the eve of retirement in 1947, became a national musical celebrity when a song he had composed and recorded, "Near You", became Americas top selling record. Released on an independent label, the songs success helped compel the major record companies to establish a stronger Nashville presence, cementing its status as a footnote in the evolution story of the newly emerging "Music City".</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage Hotel has a storied past, including presidential visits that began with a banquet for President Taft in 1911, followed by Governor Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and in more recent decades, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon. State politics played a large role in the hotel&#39;s history, and it was often used as a campaign headquarters and an after-hours meeting place for legislators. Celebrities from Charlie Chaplin to Jack Dempsey to Amelia Earhart have enjoyed the hospitality offered at the Hermitage, which was known for its high levels of elegant service and dining in addition to its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<p>The grand dame closed at the end of 1977 with its fate uncertain. During that era, the popularity of the inner city had declined, and the hotel&#39;s prosperity faltered. Local preservationists (now Historic Nashville, Inc.) and Mayor Richard Fulton were the driving forces behind saving the Hermitage as well as other landmarks in downtown Nashville, including Ryman Auditorium. The hotel changed ownership and underwent a complete renovation, reopening in 1981 as a Park Suite Hotel. Subsequently, the hotel changed hands several more times in the 1980s and 1990s. Legendary pool player Rudolf Wanderone, better known as "Minnesota Fats," lived in the hotel during part of this era. In June 2000, Historic Hotels of Nashville, LLC, purchased The Hermitage Hotel and completely renovated the guest rooms and public areas. A major refresh of all guest rooms and suites, public areas, restaurants and kitchen was carried out during 2021-2022, retaining the architectural features while bringing a new, lighter, and modern elegance with furnishings and decor.</p><br>
<p>Originally offering 250 guestrooms more than a century ago, the hotel now provides 122 rooms and five fixture bathrooms to the traveling public. In the 21st century the hotel has received many accolades, including the American Automobile Association (AAA) Five-Diamond rating in 2007. A Forbes 5-Star rating (then Mobil 5-Star) was awarded in 2008, and the accolades have perpetuated, including Best City Center Hotel award by Historic Hotels of America in 2020. In November 2021 the culinary operation of the restaurant was licensed to world renowned chef Jean-Georges Vongerichten.</p><br>
<h2>Ties to Nashville music industry</h2><br>
<p>The Francis Craig Orchestra performed in the main dining room and Grille Room from 1925 to 1945. Craig&#39;s orchestra was also the first to broadcast over WSM and enjoyed success with a 12-year show that was aired over the entire NBC network. He introduced newcomer Dinah Shore. Numerous orchestra members who continued to successful careers included James Melton and Snooky Landsen.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s the office of the early Nashville Symphony Orchestra was located in the Hermitage Hotel. In the late 1950s, CMA was formed in meetings at the Hermitage Hotel during the annual Disc Jockeys convention. In the 60s famed songwriter Cindy Walker worked from a Hermitage hotel room and invited future greats such as Roy Orbison to hear songs she wrote and recommended. In more recent times music videos have been recorded in the hotel by Reba McEntire, Josh Turner, and others.</p><br>
<p>The Sourdough Lodge  was built in Alaska between 1903 and 1905 of logs. It was one of a number of roadhouses built along the Valdez Trail . The roadhouses were about 15 mi apart and offered shelter for travelers and road construction crews. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978 as it was the oldest continuously-operating roadhouse in Alaska.</p><br>
<p>It was destroyed by fire in 1992, leading to the withdrawal of its National Historic Landmark status in 1993. In 1994, the lodge was delisted from the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Clay Office and Conference Center is a renovated office complex formerly known as the Clay School. It is located at 453 Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest school building in the city of Detroit. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1873, a frame schoolhouse was built at this location to serve the children living in the area. The building was designed by architect J.B. Tarleton, who served as the architect for the Detroit Board of Education from 1884 to 1890. This is the only school he designed that is still standing.</p><br>
<p>The building served as an elementary school until 1923. For the next eight years, it was a center for boys with discipline problems, and it was later used as headquarters for vocational study and as administrative offices for the Practical Nursing Center. In 1981, the building was sold to a developer, who converted the building into office space.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Clay School is a two-story brick structure, measuring 72 feet by 80 feet, with a high basement and hipped roof. The basement is marked at the top with a line of exterior stones. The front facade has a central pavilion with an arched entryway decorated in stone. The central projecting tower was originally topped with a wooden cupola, which was removed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first and second floors each contain four classrooms with coat rooms. The basement level contains the boiler room and bathrooms. The interior contains the original trim, including beaded wainscoting in the hallways, wooden classroom doors with transoms, molded window and door trim, high baseboards and hardwood floors.</p><br>
<p>St. Marks Episcopal Church, now the Episcopal Parish of St. Mark and St. John, is a historic Episcopal church at 21 Race Street in Jim Thorpe, Carbon County, Pennsylvania. Completed in 1869, it is a prominent example of Gothic Revival architecture designed by that styles leading proponent, Richard Upjohn. It is one of Upjohn&#39;s last designs, and was funded by the congregation, which contained eight millionaires whose fortunes were made in the coal fields and railroad industry. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1835 and its first church was completed in 1848, with a formal consecration in 1852. This first church was torn down in 1867 to make way for the church that is currently standing. It occupies a prominent location in the historic center of Mauch Chunk, on the south side of Race Street just west of Susquehanna Street.</p><br>
<p>This church was designed by Richard Upjohn and was officially consecrated on October 25, 1869. The church is a late work of Upton&#39;s, and represents a relatively pure version of the Gothic Revival, well removed from the stylistic elements of the Greek Revival that he began his career with. It is a stone structure, built primarily out of local gray stone, with red stone as trim. It is set partly on natural terrace in a steeply sloping hillside, which has been extended and supported by a stone retaining wall. The church has a cruciform plan, with a square tower rising at the northeast corner. The outer corner of tower is extended by an octagonal stair turret, which rises a short way beyond the crenellated tower top to its own conical roof. The interior is tiered with the entrance and a small chapel at the lowest level, an intermediate level which houses Sunday School rooms and the church office, and then the main sanctuary on the third floor. The interior is lavishly appointed, with English Minton tile, Black Walnut, and stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany and Charles Gibson. There are also several commissioned works of fine art, including brass work by J.R. Lamb, a 24 karat gold illumination, and several hand carved pieces.</p><br>
<p>Asa Packer was a vestryman for 44 years and warden for 24 years. He and his family donated considerable funds toward the construction of the church and its additions. The Asa Packer Memorial Building, designed by Addison Hutton, was added to the church in 1881, two years after Packers death. Packers daughter Mary Packer Cummings funded a major renovation project that connected the church and the Memorial Building with an Otis Cage Elevator and installed a new Austin Company pipe organ. When Packer Cummings died during these 1912 renovations, the Memorial Building was renamed after her.</p><br>
<p>The church congregation declined during the Great Depression, and it entered a cost-sharing agreement with Mauch Chunks other Episcopal congregation, St. Johns. The two were formally merged in 1980, and the St. John&#39;s church building was sold in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Elmshaven is a historic house museum at 125 Glass Mountain Lane in St. Helena, California, United States. Also known as Ellen White House or Robert Pratt Place, it was the home of Ellen G. White from 1900 until her death in 1915. She was notable for her prophetic ministry, which was instrumental in founding the Sabbatarian Adventist movement that led to the rise of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and for her advocacy in favor of the establishment of medical clinics. It is now owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church as an Adventist historic site, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Elmshaven is located in a rural-residential area north of downtown St. Helena, on the east side of Glass Mountain Lane. The main house is a two-story frame structure built of redwood and finished in shiplap siding. Stylistically it is a vernacular expression of Victorian architecture, with a square turret at the right front corner, capped by a pyramidal roof. The central portion of the main facade is a projecting gable section, with the main entrance to its left, sheltered by a porch with decorative railings on two levels. The interior retains many features original to either its construction or the period of Ellen White&#39;s ownership. The property also includes a tank house for a large water tank, and a two-story wood-frame outbuilding used as an office, library, and storage vault.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1885 by Robert H. Pratt and was initially known as the Robert Pratt Place. Ellen White purchased the home in 1900, naming it "Elmshaven" after the row of elm trees at its front. She lived there until her death in 1915. Of the places White lived, it is the best-preserved, and the one where she lived the longest. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, wildfires threatened Elmshaven but it was not damaged.</p><br>
<p>The Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears were the two military installations built next to each other in Dutch Harbor, on Amaknak Island of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, by the United States in response to the growing war threat with Imperial Japan during World War II. In 1938, the Navy Board recommended the construction which began in July 1940. The first United States Army troops arrived in June 1941 and an air base constructed by the United States Navy was finished in September 1941. At the time of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, these were the only military installations in the Aleutian Islands.</p><br>
<p>On June 3–4, 1942, the two bases were bombed by Japanese planes operating from two aircraft carriers in a two-day event known as the Battle of Dutch Harbor, marking the first enemy aircraft strike on the American continent in history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dutch Harbor occupies the central portion of Amaknak Island, a small island in Unalaska Bay which is separated from the larger Unalaska Island by Iliuliuk Bay. The two islands are joined by a bridge connecting the city of Unalaska to the southern portion of Amaknak Island. During World War II the entirety of Amaknak Island was used by the United States Navy as an operating base, and by the United States Army, which manned coastal defenses on the high ground at the northern and southern parts of the island.</p><br>
<p>The central portion of the island was occupied by the facilities of the naval base, which included a runway and other aircraft support facilities, munitions storage facilities, barracks, a hospital, and a bomb-proof power plant. South of the naval base was Fort Mears, (named in tribute to Frederick Mears) which primarily consisted of barracks for the troops manning the coastal defenses. The coastal defenses included batteries placed to the north on Ulakta Head and Mount Ballyhoo, and to the south on what the army called Hill 400, but is now known as Bunker Hill for its surviving structures.</p><br>
<p>Other Army coastal defense facilities at and near Dutch Harbor included Fort Schwatka, Fort Learnard, and Fort Brumback.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Dutch Harbor</h2><br>
<p>On June 3, 1942, the Japanese Navy attacked Dutch Harbor in the first aerial attack on the continental United States during the American/Pacific theaters of World War II. Originally planned to start at the same time as the Battle of Midway, it occurred a day earlier due to one-day delay in the sailing of Nagumo&#39;s task force. Forty-three Americans and at least ten Japanese died during the attacks, which lasted for two days. The base remained an important part of coastal defenses for the remainder of World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Postwar</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the end of World War II, the USA military abandoned its Dutch Harbor outposts. For decades, the buildings remained standing, generally abandoned. With the growth of the king crab fishery in the 1970s, many of these buildings were used as warehouses, bunkhouses, and family homes.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s, the USA government finally funded a cleanup of the derelict fort, and the area was turned over for commercial use.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese Occupation Site on Kiska island  in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska is where the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked and occupied the island in World War II, as one of the only two enemy invasion sites in North America during the war. The Japanese built defenses and other infrastructure on the island before abandoning it in 1943 after losing the Battle of Attu. American and Canadian forces reoccupied the abandoned island, and departed the island in 1946. Now a part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, the central portion of the island, where these military activities were concentrated, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kiska is a small island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands. Although it is regularly subject to stormy weather and fog, it features one of finest harbors in the area. At the time of World War II, Kiska was occupied by United States Navy weather station with a complement of ten men. On June 6–7, 1942, in actions designed to roughly coordinate with their attack on Midway Island, Japanese forces occupied both Kiska and Attu against no opposition. Although they had originally planned to withdraw from both islands before the onset of winter, the Japanese high command decided to hold them. Both islands were fortified, and Kiska was made their administrative center for further operations in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. On Kiska, they built an airfield, a series of coastal and antiaircraft defenses, a submarine base, seaplane base, and quarters for troops. Naval facilities were concentrated on the northwestern shore of Kiska Harbor, with army facilities at Gertrude Cove. Dummy defenses were constructed all over the island, while real defenses were concentrated around the main bases and at the North Head of Kiska Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese invasion eventually brought an American response. The United States Army Air Forces engaged in bombing campaigns that increased in severity as airfields closer to Kiska were built, and Japanese shipping was harried by USA naval ships and submarines. Then, in twenty days of battle in May 1943, United States Army troops retook Attu. The Japanese consequently stepped up their fortifications on Kiska, but abandoned the island on July 28, having never finished construction of the airfield. Allied forces, unaware of the Japanese withdrawal, arrived in force on August 15. In an operation that cost 200 men to a variety of causes including friendly fire, the island was occupied. Among the items left behind by the Japanese were three disabled ships on the beaches of Kiska Harbor, one at Gertrude Cove, and a sunken I-class submarine at the site of the submarine base. Allied military changes included completion of the airfield runways and the installation of further defenses. Allied forces withdrew from the island in 1946.</p><br>
<p>When inventoried by the USA Army in 1976, surviving elements of the Japanese occupation included the submarine pen, a number of machine gun and antiaircraft gun emplacements, the wrecked freighter Nozima Maru, a midget submarine, and a structure that served as officers&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<p>Kiska Island is now protected as part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and authorization is required to visit the island. The central portion of the island, where the Japanese facilities were concentrated, and where the Allied landing took place, was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Five sites totaling area part of Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument.</p><br>
<p>Sprague&#39;s Super Service is a historic independent gas station on Route 66 in Normal, Illinois. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Town of Normal Local Landmark, and is in the Route 66 Association of Illinois Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A Tudor revival building constructed in 1931 by William Sprague to house a service station, restaurant and garage, it is the largest of three remaining two-story fuel station buildings on US 66, originally housing a café and service station on the main floor plus two second-floor apartments for the owner and the station attendant.</p><br>
<p>As Pine Street (the main USA 66 route before construction of the Veterans Parkway as a bypass after 1940) is part of a largely-residential neighbourhood, the station was designed to fit with its surroundings by having the building follows the architectural conventions of a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>General contractor William Sprague opened Sprague&#39;s Super Service in 1931.</p><br>
<p>While additions were made to the station in 1948 and 1967 (one of which sited a second auto service bay as an adjoining garage beside the main building) the original buildings design has been left largely intact. Originally a Cities Service vendor, the station has sold various brands of fuel (including Gulf Oil during the 1960s). The last fuel was dispensed in 1971 and the pumps removed by 1979. The building then served as a storefront for various businesses including Joes Welding and Boiler Company, Corn Belt Manufacturing, Yellow Cab and Avis Rent-a-Car. The last occupants were Hodge&#39;s Catering and Bridal World before the building was ultimately left vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration effort</h2><br>
<p>Illinois State University instructor and Route 66 historical author Terri Ryburn, with her husband William Sanders (August 23, 1933 - January 6, 2011), purchased the station at a cost of $220,000 to begin restoration in October 2006. An architectural study was completed and the roof, electric and plumbing systems, bathrooms, ceilings and heating and air conditioning system replaced as the first steps in an eventual restoration of the property. The owner&#39;s stated intention was to reopen the historic building as an information centre, café, diner, soda fountain, bed and breakfast and event space; these plans were delayed due to an estimated total cost of $1.2 million to fully complete this ambitious project.</p><br>
<p>Sprague&#39;s Super Service has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 25, 2008, was inducted into the Route 66 Association of Illinois Hall of Fame in 2009 and designated municipally as a local historic landmark on August 15, 2011.</p><br>
<p>In December 2010, an outdoor wayside exhibit was installed to describe the history of the Sprague Service Station in all the various incarnations it has gone through over the years as a service station, a residence and various retail operations. In 2012, a group of Illinois State University interior design students proposed various designs for interior renovations.</p><br>
<p>Various attempts have been made to raise funds to complete the restoration; in addition to about $90,000 from the owner&#39;s own pockets, contributions have included a $46,695 grant from the town for a new roof and temporary furnace, a $20,000 matching grant from the National Park Service for a heating and air conditioning system, duct work and ceiling, a $10,000 matching grant from the National Park Service to replace windows in the living quarters above the station, a $10,000 grant from the state for two new bathrooms and a day of volunteer service from the Route 66 Association. An additional $10,000 federal matching grant in 2012 subsidized restoration of historic wood-frame windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, proceeds from the sale of a &#39;Pics on Route 66′ 2011 Calendar by David Schwartz were donated to the restoration effort; local classic country group Wagon Load A Trouble performed for free at the site in 2014. Attempts have also been made to raise funds through private individual donation.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, Ryburn planned to include a coffee and ice cream shop, a tea room and theatre space but said, "The short-term goal now is to finish the downstairs and rent that out as event space, so I can get some income to finish my plans. I can&#39;t afford the equipment for a restaurant now."</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Ryburn sold the station to the town of Normal, Illinois. After additional renovations, the station reopened in August 12, 2017. It operates as a visitor center and gift shop featuring local art under the name Ryburn Place.</p><br>
<p>The Architects Building is an office building located at 415 Brainard Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Architects Building is a seven-story building erected in 1924 by Thomas J. Thompson, a man involved with the hotel and restaurant trade. Thompson hired Richard H. Marr, a well-known Detroit architect, to design the building. Its original purpose was to provide space for all architectural professionals and trades in one building. When the Architects Building opened, 25 firms had space in the building, including Marr and architect Marcus R. Burrowes.</p><br>
<p>However, the Great Depression was hard on the building. In 1933, only three architects remained in the building, and in 1936 Thompson estate (he had died in 1928) lost the building to foreclosure. After 1940 both Marr and Burrowes moved out, and the buildings association with the field of architecture seems to have ended. In 1950, the building was renamed the Contractor&#39;s Storage Building, and in 1974, it was purchased by the Salvation Army. In 1985, it was purchased by the Cass Corridor Neighborhood Development Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and significance</h2><br>
<p>The Architects Building is a seven-story Neo-Classical Revival commercial building, built with a reinforced concrete frame, faced with buff brick, and trimmed in stone. It is the tallest building in the immediate vicinity, and despite the sweeping changes elsewhere in the neighborhood, the exterior is in good condition. The first floor lobby, the most significant area within the building, is still in good condition and looks much as it was designed.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, the CCNDC renovated the building and turned it into 27 apartments for low-income residents.</p><br>
<p>The Seal Island Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District located on the islands of St. George and St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea of Alaska. These islands are home to northern fur seal herds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of the polar bear,  The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-day St. George and St. Paul. After the Russian American Company was granted an exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area was sold to the United States in 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911.</p><br>
<p>The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the native Aleut population. Although no longer commercially hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark areas</h2><br>
<p>Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1962, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities, Sts. Peter and Paul Church in St. Paul and St. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Church in St. George, also contribute to the area&#39;s historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites.</p><br>
<p>The San Fernando Building is an Italian Renaissance Revival style building built in 1906 on Main Street in the Historic Core district of downtown Los Angeles, California. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, converted into lofts in 2000, and declared a Historic-Cultural Monument in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and construction</h2><br>
<p>James Boon Lankershim (1850-1931), a wealthy wheat farmer and miller whose father owned much of the San Fernando Valley in the late 19th century, hired architect John F. Blee to design the building. Constructed at a reported cost of $200,000, the building opened in 1907 and was considered one of the finest office buildings in the city. The lobby has a 22-foot ceiling, and the exterior is decorated with elaborate cornice work and spandrel panels with an incised diamond motif. Originally a six-story structure, two additional stories designed by Robert Brown Young & Son were added in 1911.</p><br>
<h2>Illegal gambling and police raids</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s history includes multiple reports of illegal gambling. The current building web site notes that the building was the site of gambling activities around 1910, resulting in several raids by the police. In 1930 police raided the San Fernando Building again, and arrested eleven men for conducting illegal lottery operations at the building; police also arrested a woman for possession of eight quarts of liquor. The Los Angeles Times described the building as "local headquarters for various well-known lotteries."</p><br>
<h2>Other points of interest in building&#39;s early history</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its association with gambling and lotteries, the San Fernando Building was known for the many legitimate businesses operating there. Other highlights from the building&#39;s early history include:</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the Los Angeles Realty Board and the California State Realty Federation, responsible for investigating real estate fraud and other "queer deals," moved into the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the newly formed California Colony and Home Promoting Association opened an office in the San Fernando Building. The Association, formed in June 1908 by Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth (USA, ret.), Dr. William A. Payne, and other Black Angelenos promoted the development of Allensworth, California, a new community in southwest Tulare County that would be settled and governed by African Americans. During its heyday in the 1910s, Allensworth had a school, library, two churches, and several farms, stores, and businesses. In 1976, the townsite became Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 physicians and surgeons formed the city&#39;s first cooperative telephone exchange at the San Fernando Building. The system was intended to provide 24-hour communication between doctors and patients, freeing doctors to attend the theater or make an out-of-town trip.</p><br>
<p>The California Film Exchange, housing film stock from Hollywoods early motion pictures, was located in Unit 110 of the building. In October 1913 a fire broke out destroying some 150 motion pictures. The fire was caused by an overheated motor, leading to two explosions when the flames reached chemicals stored at the exchange. Three individuals, including a fireman, were hospitalized; the night operator of the physicians telephone exchange located above the film office narrowly escaped the flames. The fire led to calls to prohibit the storage of highly flammable films in downtown office buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 the "Half Century Association" was founded, establishing its headquarters on the seventh floor of the San Fernando Building. The association was organized for the purpose of "breaking down the unjust age limit" set by government and private business for civil and private service and "to do for the man who has passed the half-century mark what the Y.M.C.A. does for the young men of the country."</p><br>
<p>The USA Army operated its Los Angeles recruiting station at the corner of Fourth and Main in the San Fernando Building during World War I. When the United States entered the war in the spring of 1917, the Los Angeles Times reported that "the offices in the San Fernando Building were crowded during the day with applicants for enlistment in the National Guard and Reserve Corps." The building served as the Army&#39;s recruiting center again during World War II, as the Times reported on Hollywood actors joining in "the long service induction line in the San Fernando Building."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was designated a Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #728) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to loft space</h2><br>
<p>In the 1980s and 1990s, the area surrounding the San Fernando Building had become part of skid row. In 1998, Gilmore Associates announced plans to convert the San Fernando Building and two other early 20th-century buildings located nearby (the Hellman and Continental Buildings) into 230 lofts. Gilmores plan to convert a block of skid row into upscale lofts was initially met with skepticism; one expert described the location as desolate, and opined that the lack of such amenities as a grocery store nearby could make the project "a tough sell." However, the Los Angeles Times saw the project as having the potential to change the downtown area: "That distant sound of hammers you hear is coming from the corner of Spring and 4th, where developer Tom Gilmore has initiated an amazing project...Gilmore has assembled an entire block of buildings extending along 4th Street, from Spring to Main. It includes the 12-story Continental Building, generally regarded as the citys first skyscraper; the Farmers and Merchants Bank complex, and the San Fernando Building, built by potentate developer James B. Lankershim."</p><br>
<p>The San Fernando Building was the first of the three buildings to reopen in August 2000, and by March 2001, the building was 93% leased to tenants paying rents between $790 and $6,000 per month. The converted buildings consisted of large, open lofts with high ceilings and no interior walls except for the bathrooms. The conversion was designed by architect Wade Killefer, who noted, "What lends these buildings to residential use is lots of windows and high ceilings, offering wonderful light." The combined project became known as the Old Bank District lofts.</p><br>
<p>The gentrification of skid row has drawn criticism from homeless advocates. Alice Callaghan of Las Familias Del Pueblo said, "Skid row is the last place in the community where a person can go if they have no money and no family." Callaghan criticized developers swooping in to buy the area&#39;s affordable housing stock: "For them to come and take irreplaceable housing stock for people who have no choice about where to live, so they can have some Disneyland Manhattan experience, is outrageous and immoral."</p><br>
<p>Baco Mercat, an upscale bar and restaurant, operates on the ground floor of the building in space occupied during World War I by the Army&#39;s recruiting station.</p><br>
<p>The Skagway Historic District and White Pass is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing a significant portion of the area within the United States associated with the Klondike Gold Rush. It includes the historic portion of Skagway, Alaska, including the entire road grid of the 1897 town, as well as the entire valley on the United States side of White Pass all the way to the Canada–US border. This area includes surviving fragments of three historic routes used during the Gold Rush, as well as the route of the White Pass and Yukon Railroad. Almost 100 buildings remain from the Gold Rush period. Portions of the district are preserved as part of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Skagway portion of the district includes the historic heart of the town, a region 23 block long and varying in width from three to five blocks. Fourteen of these blocks were under National Park Service protection in 1999. Buildings in the district are generally wood-frame structures with one or two stories, which have been brightly painted. Commercial buildings often have false fronts, commercial window displays, and recessed entries, and are sited directly against the sidewalk, while residences are set back. The district includes more than 350 buildings in Skagway, and only eight structures outside the city.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Brotherhood Hall (1899), its front covered with driftwood, is one of the contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The valley that rises steeply above Skagway was one of the main routes to the gold fields of the Yukon River. (The other, the Chilkoot Trail, is located west of Skagway, and is part of the National Historic Landmark Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Site historic district.) Two overland routes, the 1897 trail and the Brackett Wagon Road, worked their way up White Pass, as did a water-based route along the Skagway River, and the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, completed in 1900. Part of the valley now also carries the Klondike Highway. There are numerous areas along these historic routes (some of which have not been identified with precision, and may have followed variable routes during the rush) where camp sites and other remnants of the rush are to be found.</p><br>
<p>The League of Catholic Women Building is located at 100 Parsons Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as Casgrain Hall or the Activities Building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1906, a group of women from all over Detroit associated with the Catholic Church organized the Weinman Club as a charitable organization, dedicated to providing assistance to immigrants flooding into Detroit. In 1911, the club was renamed the Catholic Settlement Association, and in 1915 it was reorganized and again renamed the League of Catholic Women. As immigration was curtailed in the 1920s, the League shifted focus to assisting single young women who were seeking employment in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>When this building was constructed, the League spent over $1,000,000, raised by a membership numbering some 12,000 women.</p><br>
<p>The building originally provided accommodations for 250 women. These women were between the ages of 18 and 30 and earned less than $150 per month. The building also housed the League&#39;s offices, and included a cafeteria, a chapel, library, ballroom, auditorium and a rooftop garden.</p><br>
<h2>Later use</h2><br>
<p>Over time, the aims of the League changed, as they opened community centers and neighborhood services. In the 1960s, the League began providing housing to women attending Wayne State University&#39;s School of Nursing. In 1972, the League repaired and improved the building. In 1982, the building was converted into 82 apartment units for low-income elderly and/or handicapped with Section 8 rent subsidies.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the organization officially changed its name from the League of Catholic Women to Metro Matrix Human Services. The League of Catholic Women continued as a division of Metro Matrix, and in the early 2000&#39;s changed its name to Matrix Human Services. Matrix continues to operate as one of the largest and best known non-profits serving the City of Detroit. Matrix stopped operating from this building in 2018. http://www.matrixhumanservices.org</p><br>
<p>The World War II Facilities at Midway were built as part of the fortification leading up to World War II. The Midway Atoll&#39;s unique location halfway between the United States and Japan ensured it would hold a strategic position. This island was the site of the pivotal Battle of Midway which shifted the balance of sea power in the Pacific towards the United States.</p><br>
<p>The atoll&#39;s two main islands, Eastern Island and Sand Island, were both fortified by the Navy. Eastern Island, the smaller of the two islands, had three runways in a triangular configuration, and was defended by six coastal and dual-purpose batteries, armed with 3-, 5-, and 7-inch guns. Sand Island, one mile wide and two long, was completely developed by the Navy, but had no runways until after the war. At the time of the battle, Sand Island was defended by six batteries erected by the 6th Defense Battalion, and one by the 3d Defense Battalion. In clockwise order from the northwest corner of the island, these were: Battery C, two 5-inch guns; "naval" battery, two 3-inch guns; Battery F, four 3-inch guns; Battery A, two 5-inch guns; Battery D, four 3-inch guns; unnamed battery, two 7-inch guns; Battery A, two 5-inch guns; 3d Battalion Battery D, four 3-inch guns.</p><br>
<p>The military shut down all of its bases by 1993, handing over control to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The islands remain mostly uninhabited and unvisited. They are part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.</p><br>
<p>Many of the facilities built by the Navy during the war deteriorated as the population of the Eastern and Sand Islands declined. Some facilities, such as the Eastern Island runways, were abandoned. New runways were built on Sand Island, in some cases destroying some of the surviving war defenses in the process. A number of the surviving elements of the atoll&#39;s defenses were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1987. The following elements, all on Sand Island, comprise that designation:</p><br>
<p>three ammunition magazines associated with Battery A: S-7113, S-7119, S-7121</p><br>
<p>one and a half emplacements for 3-inch guns of 3d Battalion Battery D</p><br>
<p>two ammunition magazines associated with 3d Battalion Battery D: S-7124, S-7125</p><br>
<p>a concrete pillbox near S-7125</p><br>
<p>two emplacements for the 3-inch naval battery</p><br>
<p>one ammunition magazine near the naval battery: S-6194</p><br>
<p>The Franklin County G. A. R. Soldiers Memorial Hall, also known simply as the Soldiers Memorial Hall, is a historic building located in Hampton, Iowa, United States. The octagonal-style structure was designed and built in 1890 by Edward Carl Keifer. It was the meeting place of the J.W. McKenzie Post No. 81, Grand Army of the Republic , which was one of 519 GAR posts in Iowa. The building is architecturally significant as it is one of the few examples of a Gothic Revival style structure of this type in the area. It is a memorial chapel that follows a cross-shaped plan capped by an octagonal cupola with a statue of a Union soldier on top. Its significance is also derived from it being the first G.A.R. Memorial Hall built in Iowa. The Iowa legislature had passed a law in 1884 that allowed counties to levy a tax to support building G.A.R. memorials. Captain Rufus S. Benson, a local state representative, had the law amended in 1886 so that it allowed for the construction of a memorial hall, as the local G.A.R. chapter wanted it to be a place where they could meet.</p><br>
<p>The hall was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isely Field & Marpi Point, Saipan Island is a National Historic Landmark District consists of several discontiguous areas of the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands. The sites were designated for their association with the Japanese defense of Saipan during World War II, the 1944 Battle of Saipan in which United States forces captured the island, and the subsequent campaigns which used Saipan as a base. The district includes the landing beaches where the USA forces landed, the remnants of Japanese airfields Aslito and Marpi Point and Isely Field, the airfield built over much of Aslito from which B-29 bombers were used to bomb the Japanese home islands. The Marpi Point area includes Suicide Cliff and Banzai Cliff, two locations where significant numbers of Japanese military and civilians jumped to their deaths rather than surrender to advancing USA forces. The loss of Saipan was a major blow to the Japanese war effort, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, The landmark designation was made in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Landing beaches</h2><br>
<p>The main beaches where USA forces landed during the Battle of Saipan are on Island&#39;s west side, extending from a point south of Garapan southward around Agingan Point and onto Obyan Beach. The landmarked area includes the beaches and lagoons out to the fringing coral reef. This area includes a small number of remnant Japanese defenses, including several pillboxes, a partially-constructed gun emplacement, and a small Japanese tank that has been set on a pillbox as a sort of monument.</p><br>
<h2>Aslito/Isely Field</h2><br>
<p>The Japanese built Aslito Airfield, now the site of Saipan International Airport, in 1934. It was captured early in the Battle of Saipan; a significant number of its concrete structures survived the battle and the later development of Isely Field and the present airport. Most of these structures are abandoned; the best-preserved is the former air operations building, which was rehabilitated and used as a tourist bureau.</p><br>
<p>The main elements of Isely Field to survive in the post-war period are its runways, one of which is now used by the modern airport. Elements of the aprons and taxiways used by the B-29s survive to some degree, but are overgrown. Included in this area is a portion of Obyan Beach where a Japanese pillbox is located.</p><br>
<h2>Marpi Point</h2><br>
<p>Marpi Point is the northernmost part of the island. At the north-facing Suicide Cliff, an unknown but large number of civilians and soldiers jumped to their deaths rather than surrendering to the advancing USA forces. The area is now marked by memorials at the top and base of the cliff. Nearby is a Japanese cave fortification known locally as the "last command post". Below this is a plain where the Japanese had built a small airfield, and the USA later built Marpi Point Field, of which only remnants survive. At the very northernmost point of the island is Banzai Cliff, where more people jumped to their deaths. There is also Unai Lagua Japanese Defense Pillbox whose position commands most of the island&#39;s north coast.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District is one of two such districts in the village of Roslyn, New York. It is, as its name suggests, located along Main Street between North Hempstead Turnpike  and East Broadway, incorporating Tower Street and portions of Glen Avenue and Paper Mill Road.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is mostly residential, with some commercial development at its northern end. The 50 buildings within it are mostly houses, many built during the 19th century before the Civil War, in the Federal and Greek Revival styles. Main Street has changed very little despite the heavy growth of surrounding areas of Nassau County. The district was created in the early 1970s and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is also listed on the New York State Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Main Street area is bounded on the east by the waters of Roslyn Pond and on the west by steep upward slopes. There are no through cross streets, save Old Northern Boulevard, intersecting Main between North Hempstead and East Broadway. This geographic separation has been credited with helping the district retain its historic character.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Gerry Park was created out of some of the Roslyn Pond land as part of a malaria control project. It contains a replica of Roslyn&#39;s original paper mill, and is included within the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What has since become Roslyn was first settled in the mid-17th century as Hempstead Harbor, a port community serving Hempstead and other communities to the south. The Main Street area was where this settlement took place. The oldest property in the district, a section of the Van Nostrand-Starkins House, dates to 1680, during this period.</p><br>
<p>In 1700 the village&#39;s first gristmill was built. Hendrick Onderdonk took it over in the 1750s, and was able to open up a paper mill in 1773, the first real industry in the village. Around that time the first extant house along Main Street, now numbered 150 Main Street, was built as well, by Wilson Williams, a cooper who worked for Onderdonk. George Washington stayed there in 1790, and his diary mentions the two mills.</p><br>
<p>The 19th century saw the houses along Main Street quadruple in number. Most of them were built by local builders or merchants, with only one, John Hendricksons home at 110 Main, intended as an estate of the kind found elsewhere along Long Islands North Shore. The stone clock tower which serves as Roslyn&#39;s most identifiable landmark was erected at the junction of Main and Old Northern in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Land use remained in the primarily residential pattern throughout the 20th century. In the late 1960s the Roslyn Landmark Society worked to protect and preserve the extant structures, culminating in the Register listing. The Roslyn Village Historic District, added 15 years later in 1987, also included the Main Street district as a component area.</p><br>
<h2>Significant Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>Several of the district&#39;s properties are notable within it:</p><br>
<p>Ellen E. Ward Memorial Clock Tower: Built in 1895 of random ashlar granite and limestone trim and located at the intersection of Main and Old Northern, it has become one of Roslyn&#39;s most visible local landmarks. The tower was designed by the New York firm of Lamb & Rich, and the clock mechanism itself by the Seth Thomas Clock Company.</p><br>
<p>William G. Valentine Store. Was one of the rare brick buildings from 19th-century Roslyn. Valentine reportedly acquired the brick at low cost during the economic downtimes that preceded the Civil War, and from them built his store. His Emporium was run out of the neighboring wooden shingle buildings at 17-21 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Obadiah W. Valentine House, 105 Main Street. A clapboard Greek Revival structure built between 1833 and 1836, its one-and-a-half-story height appears a story higher due to its construction into the steep slope on the west side of the street at this point. Several other nearby houses emulated the design.</p><br>
<p>Warren Wilkey House, 190 Main Street. Built for a successful New York businessman around 1865, this wood-frame house is unusually large and ornate by Main Street standards. It actually is two and a half stories high, with a mansard roof and elaborated belvedere. In 1925 it was converted into three apartments.</p><br>
<p>Van Nostrand-Starkins House, 221 Main Street. A one-and-a-half-story clapboard structure begun in 1680, making it the oldest in the village, it was purchased by blacksmith Joseph Starkins in 1795. A later frame wing has been moved back, and the house has been restored to its 1810 appearance by the Roslyn Landmark Society. It is currently used as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Roslyn has added to its ordinances a provision protecting the buildings in both its historic districts. They are recognized in its zoning and any additions, demolition or alterations are subject to approval by the six-member Historic District Board. The Roslyn Landmark Society also holds a restrictive covenant on some of the properties.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Mill Covered Bridge, aka the Thomas Mill Bridge or the Thomas Mill Road Covered Bridge, is a historic, single-span, wooden covered bridge across the Wissahickon Creek in Wissahickon Valley Park in Northwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The only remaining covered bridge in Philadelphia and the only covered bridge in a major American city, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This 86.5 ft, 18.66 ft, Howe truss bridge was built in 1855. It was renovated by the Works Progress Administration in 1939, and by the city of Philadelphia in 2000.</p><br>
<p>It is the only remaining covered bridge in Philadelphia and is the only covered bridge in a major US city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is a Contributing Property of the Chestnut Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is open to pedestrian and bicycle traffic.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church, officially The Parish of Christ Church, Hyde Park is a historic church building built in 1893 at 1220 River Street in Hyde Park, Massachusetts, a neighborhood of Boston. It is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church was the second church building designed by Ralph Adams Cram (after the nearby All Saints&#39; Church, Ashmont), who went on to design many church buildings, notably the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City. The church was built in 1893 and added to the National Historic Register in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Abbotsford, now the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, is a historic house at 300 Walnut Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The museum is dedicated to black visual arts heritage worldwide, and presents historical and contemporary exhibitions in many media, including painting, sculpture, graphics, photography and decorative arts. The museum is operated by the National Center of Afro-American Artists.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>The pointed arches on Abbotsford&#39;s windows and main entrance are characteristics of the High Victorian Gothic style, inspired by the architecture of the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Boston architect Alden Frink for the prominent industrialist Aaron Davis Williams, Abbotsford was built in 1872 in the High Victorian Gothic style. Just as the American economy was becoming industrialized, many people looked with nostalgia to times before machines and factories. Ironically, Aaron Davis Williams, Jr., used his profits from industry to build a house that could remind him of a medieval castle.</p><br>
<p>Following setbacks in his business, Williams was forced to sell Abbotsford to James M. Smith, who was born in Scotland in 1811, came to Boston in 1854, and was treasurer of the Suffolk Brewery in South Boston. Smith died at his home in Roxbury February 8, 1894.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, the mansion was too large for private use, and the City of Boston purchased it as a disciplinary school for boys. In 1976, the National Center for Afro-American Artists bought the property and turned it into a museum. This new use has made it possible for community residents to enjoy Abbotsford today.</p><br>
<p>This building is significant to Roxbury for several reasons. The most obvious is its beauty. It is a stately mansion that commands its site, and continues to be important to the community as the setting for the museum. In addition, it is built entirely of Roxbury puddingstone, a local building material. Finally, this building tells much about how people thought about their houses and their lives.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Railroad Office Building, at 908 W. Broadway in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, is a historic skyscraper building, built in 1907, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was once the headquarters of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, a prominent railroad company from the mid-19th century to the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure is eleven stories tall. The first three stories are made of stonework of rusticated ashlar, with capital-topped pilasters in a series. Floors four to ten have ashlar pilasters framing a finish of red brick. Windows of the building are done in series of three. The attic is 1.5 stories tall, and features the distinctive initials of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by W. H. Courtenay, the chief architect of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, in a Beaux Arts style; one of the largest commercial buildings in that architectural style still standing.Klein, Maury. History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. (University Press of</p><br>
<p>Kentucky, 2002). pg.340</p><br>
<p>In 1930, an eight-bay western addition which duplicated the look of the original 10-bay building was added, built by then-current chief architect of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad J. C. Haley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Louisville and Nashville Railroad offices in Louisville were at Second and Main in Louisville, by the entrance of present-day George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge. By 1890, it had become obvious that the building was too overcrowded. It was decided that the office building should be located next to Louisville&#39;s Union Station. Construction began in 1902, but its completion was delayed until January 1907, due to difficulties with organized labor in a 1905 steel workers strike. Its total cost was $650,000. It was large enough that after decades of separation, all of the main administrative staff could be in the same building.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, about 2,000 L&N employees worked in the building. After L&N was purchased by CSX nearly all of the jobs were moved from Louisville to Jacksonville, Florida, in 1980. However, a 6-person CSX claims department stayed in the building until 1988.</p><br>
<p>Along with many other buildings, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as result of a study of historic resources in West Louisville.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the state of Kentucky spent $15 million to purchase and renovate the property, retaining the L&N name and neon lights on its upper stories.</p><br>
<p>In August 2009, the building was closed due to the 2009 Kentuckiana Flood, but would reopen as soon as deemed safe.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently the Louisville offices for the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services.</p><br>
<p>St. Annes Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 507 S. Main St. in Anna, Illinois. The Late Victorian Gothic church was constructed in 1886. The church was constructed with limestone quarried by the local Anna Stone Company. The churchs design features a steep roof and lancet windows, both characteristic Gothic Revival elements. The wooden trim and shingles at the front of the church are inspired by the Queen Anne style. A bell tower, which was removed in 1914, originally topped the church.</p><br>
<p>The St. Annes congregation was formed in 1883, three years before its church was constructed; prior to then, Episcopal services had been held in other denominations churches and the towns Temperance Hall. Contractor James Dickenson constructed the church at a cost of $600 in 1886, the same year the congregation was formally recognized by the Bishop of Springfield. The church underwent renovations in the 1950s and 1960s to expand and modernize the building. In 1977, the congregation folded; the churchs bell was moved to Trinity Episcopal Church in Jacksonville, Illinois five years later.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Holy Rosary Church was a parish erected in 1844 in the small community of Manton  in Washington County, Kentucky, United States. The church was built under the direction of the Dominicans.</p><br>
<h2>Parish and worship space origination</h2><br>
<p>The cornerstone for Holy Rosary Church, a Roman Catholic church in Manton was laid November 2, 1844. The original church is not the one that is on this site. A few years later, in 1848, a new church was built. This, the present building, was blessed on November 19, 1848. The building was built of brick with an overall size of 20 x 60 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>One of the first pastors was Rev. Julian Timoleum Pieters. Records also show Fr. Edward Lynch was an early pastor, who was stationed at Holy Cross between 1866 and 1883. The current parish administrator is Fr. Matthew Hardesty. The new and current pastor is,</p><br>
<p>Fr. Michael Martin.</p><br>
<h2>The parish today</h2><br>
<p>In 1883, a church was built at nearby Fredericktown (also known as the Burg). The parish is a mission church to one at Fredericktown, Kentucky. The parish is within the Diocese of Louisville. There are about 200 parishioners.</p><br>
<p>This historic building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Riverside Drive Historic District is a historic district located at the west bank of the confluence of the Licking River and the Ohio River in Covington, Kentucky, directly across from Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the city of Covington&#39;s founding, George Rogers Clark used the area as a mustering spot for incursions against the Indians from Ohio who were raiding Kentucky, and then later for organizing troops for his Illinois campaign. It is believed that the first white settlers of the Greater Cincinnati area chose the Riverside Drive area for their settlement. Riverside Drive was a popular place to build the finest houses in Covington, with many still standing from the early 19th century. Over thirty of the buildings in the district are considered exceptional samples of their architectural style.</p><br>
<p>There are several independently notable buildings in the district. The Daniel Carter Beard Boyhood Home was the boyhood home of Daniel Carter Beard, founder of the Boy Scouts of America, and is a National Historic Landmark. The 1815-built Thomas Carneal House, the first brick house in Covington, is a Georgian-style domicile reminiscent of Italian architect Andrea Palladio; it still features a tunnel, leading to the Licking River, that allowed the owners to help slaves escaping via the Underground Railroad. Prominent visitors to the house included the Marquis de Lafayette, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and Daniel Webster.</p><br>
<p>Seven bronze statues of prominent figures in the history of the area are placed in lifelike poses on riverside benches. These include James Bradley, Daniel Carter Beard, John James Audubon, and Chief Little Turtle.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Beard Home.JPGDaniel Carter Beard Boyhood Home</p><br>
<p>Great American Ball Park river 2.JPGAnother statue overlooks Great American Ball Park</p><br>
<p>Garbutt House is a 20-room mansion in the Silver Lake section of Los Angeles built from 1926 to 1928 as the residence of Frank A. Garbutt. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Frank A. Garbutt</h2><br>
<p>Frank A. Garbutt, an inventor, industrialist and movie pioneer, was one of the most prominent citizens of Los Angeles in the late 19th and early 20th Century. He invented and secured patents on certain oil drilling tools in the late 1880s that were the initial source of his wealth. Garbutt became involved in other businesses. He owned oil wells and was one of the original investors in aviation pioneer Glenn Martin&#39;s aircraft business, later to become Martin Marietta.</p><br>
<p>He owned interests in a boat-building business, Garbutt-Walsh Inc., and a business operating ferries from San Pedro to Terminal Island. He played a role in the founding of Famous Players–Lasky, later Paramount Studios, Union Oil Company and the Automobile Club of Southern California.</p><br>
<h2>Garbutt House and the Garbutt-Hathaway Estate</h2><br>
<p>In 1923, Garbutt acquired a 37 acre hilltop site overlooking the Silver Lake reservoir with views of the Pacific Ocean, the Santa Monica and Verdugo Mountains and the downtown skyline. Garbutt and his family built three houses on the site, which came to be known as the Garbutt-Hathaway Estate. Garbutt lived in the 20-room mansion built between 1926 and 1928 that came to be known as Garbutt House. The house has nearly 15,000 ft&sup2; of space, rises 228 ft to its crest and was built like a citadel out of concrete to survive earthquakes and floods,</p><br>
<p>His daughter Melodile later recalled that the entire first floor was poured in one pouring, that took two days and one night of steady pouring with three shifts of workers. Due to an intense fear of fire, Garbutt even had the roof and walls built of concrete, installed steel-reinforced doors and allowed no fireplaces in the home. A subsequent owner noted that the concrete construction was "comparable to any of the finest bunkers." The house had bronze window frames, hand carved teak and marble floors. The first floor was entirely travertine, and Garbutt hired an artist who spent several months painting the beams in the living room.</p><br>
<p>Garbutt worked at his inventions at the Silver Lake mansion, building race cars, inventing a soapless detergent, and trying to invent a superior chewing gum.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation battles and residential development</h2><br>
<p>Garbutt died in 1947, but his son and two daughters continued to live at the estate after his death. One of his daughters never married and lived at Garbutt House until 1960, when the estate was sold. Daughter Melodile recalled that they sold the estate after her brother and husband had died, and her sister did not want to live by herself in the big house.</p><br>
<p>The houses sat dormant for several years as owners battled with the city and preservationists over plans to raze the three houses and build condominiums or a large housing development on the site. In 1975, Los Angeles Times architecture critic, John Pastier, noted that the estates "arcadian acreage" was 99% undeveloped and "looks like a park." Pastier wrote a lengthy column criticizing a plan to cover the estate with 530 condominium units requiring removal of 60% of the propertys trees. He argued for a scaled-back development that would preserve the three houses as a "tesimony to the area&#39;s history and to a vanished way of life."</p><br>
<p>In 1978, two of the houses were torn down to make room for a 100-home development, but the Garbutt House was spared. In 1982, nearly 100 homes were built on the property and were compared to "a village at the foot of the castle." Garbutt House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Filming location</h2><br>
<p>The Garbutt-Hathaway Estate has long been a popular filming location, dating back to the silent film era. In 1981, a low-budget Carolco horror film called Superstition, about a haunted house on the site where a woman was put to death as a witch 300 years earlier, was shot at Garbutt House. The shooting of Superstition was reportedly subject to incidents of alleged "haunting". A security guard who was required to spend the night in the house quit, after reporting he had seen a "ghost". Another security guard saw the helmet on a Knights armor display float off the shoulders of the armor and disappear into the kitchen area. In another incident, the films director was locked in a room when the doorknob fell off and had to be pried free with crowbars.</p><br>
<h2>Current ownership</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is currently owned by American Apparel and Los Angeles Apparel founder Dov Charney, who purchased it in 2006 for million. It was used as temporary lodging for visitors to the company while Charney was chairman. He reportedly added a sculpture of a giant raised middle finger outside the front door. Due to borrowing at least million in a failed bid to retake American Apparel in 2016, he filed for bankruptcy in 2022, and the estate is one way to pay off the debt. Charneys lawyers have said that the property has 17 liens against it, and selling it wouldnt be even enough to pay for them. Charney told the government-appointed trustee of the estate that there are multiple guests: two of whom are associates of Kanye West (one being Milo Yiannopoulos) and another two being former employees of American Apparel.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon Barn, Richland Township is a historic building located near Jamaica in Guthrie County, Iowa, United States. Built in 1881, this is the oldest known octagon-shaped barn extant in Iowa. It measures 70 ft in diameter. The modified hip roof, heavy timber construction, rectangular plan, and general purpose use mark this as a Coffin type. It was named for Lorenzo S. Coffin who is thought to have built the first round barn in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel of St. Theresa–the Little Flower was a church located at 58 Parsons Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was later known as St. Patrick Church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, and demolished in September 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick Parish began in 1862 in response to the influx of Irish Catholics into Detroit. The parish built a chapel on Adelaide near John R. Street, which was eventually expanded into a church. St. Patricks became one of Detroits largest and wealthiest parishes, although the church was never one of Detroit&#39;s largest or most impressive. In 1890, the church was named the cathedral of the diocese and was renamed in honor of Sts. Peter and Paul as the prior cathedral church on East Jefferson had been. Bishop Caspar Borgess gave the old Sts. Peter and Paul to the Jesuits in 1877 after he moved to the new cathedral. In 1892, to serve the children of the community, the Sts. Peter and Paul Academy was built on Parsons west of Woodward, which was some distance away from the main church.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s the streets in the area had become so busy that the trek from church to school was considered unsafe for children going to school Masses. As a remedy, the parish constructed the Chapel of St. Theresa, the Little Flower in 1926, In 1938, the cathedral function was transferred to Blessed Sacrament parish and St. Patrick&#39;s reverted to its original name. As the years passed, the area around the original St. Patrick church steadily declined, and more activities were held in the chapel and school. All activities were moved to Parsons Street in the 1980s and the old church was given to a community group. Essentially abandoned for a number of years, it was then vandalized and eventually burned in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Due to declining membership, Archbishop Allen Vigneron announced May 8, 2015, that the parish would dissolve May 25. The archdiocese said it would retain the structure in the hope that the parish could be reactivated at a future date due to revitalization of the area, however this did not happen.</p><br>
<p>Demolition of the Chapel on Parsons Street began on September 22, 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chapel was in the Romanesque Revival style with a basilica floorplan. It was constructed of red brick with limestone accents and a red tile roof. The entrance was recessed in twin arches framed by square bays. The bays were each topped by a limestone portico consisting of a barrel vault supported by four Corinthian columns. The gabled roofs of the porticoes were covered with red tile matching the other portions of the roof. Above the entry doors on the clerestory level were small arched windows and above the clerestory was a small rose window. Above the porticos were two small campanario each holding a bell.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary Catholic Church  is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the Archdiocese of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>Originally founded in 1858 to serve the city&#39;s growing German population, it is noted for its historic parish church at the corner of New Jersey and Vermont streets, which was completed in 1912. Designed by architect Hermann J. Gaul in the late Gothic Revival style, it follows a cruciform plan modeled after the Cologne Cathedral in Germany. The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1856 Reverend Peter Leonard Brandt arrived from Vincennes, Indiana, to establish a German-speaking parish among the German Catholics of Indianapolis. The parishs first permanent pastor was Reverend Simon Siegrist. St. Marys parish built their first church at 117 East Maryland Street in 1858. Parish priests conducted services in Latin and German, and the church retained Old World traditions. In addition to the areas German-speaking population, St. Marys served the neighborhood&#39;s Italian immigrants until the Diocese of Indianapolis established Holy Rosary Catholic Church, an Italian national parish, in Indianapolis in 1911.</p><br>
<p>After the turn of the century, when the neighborhood become commercial, the parish purchased property at New Jersey and Vermont streets, where they built the present church, which was under construction from 1910 to 1912. St. Marys has adapted to its changing ethnic neighborhood over the years. In 1967, as the citys Spanish-speaking community began to grow, the parish began offering Sunday mass in Spanish. German-language services have since been discontinued.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect Hermann J. Gaul, a native of Cologne, and an admirer of the Cologne Cathedral, designed the church in the late Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The churchs façade is divided into three sections. The gabled two-story center section is flanked with symmetrical towers. The upper portion of the central gable contains a trefoil motif and finial. It also includes a statue of the Virgin Mary in a bracketed niche. The central portal is set between buttresses and the façades central tympanum is filled with a relief sculpture of the Crucifixion. A frieze of blind arches flanks the doorway. Broad steps lead to the narthex. Gargoyles decorate the façade of the church at the entry portal and towers. The first three stories of the two four-story towers are square; the fourth story is octagonal in shape. Each tower one topped with a spire. The tympanum of the north tower depicts the birth of Christ; the south tower&#39;s tympanum depicts the Ascension of Jesus.</p><br>
<p>Stone walls on each side of the church include buttresses with a vaulted arch over each bay. The end wall of each transept contains arched windows flanked with buttresses. The gable decoration on the south transept has a statue of Saint Henry set in a niche; the north transept niche holds a statue of Saint Boniface.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior has a vaulted ceiling and a semi-octagonal apse. The sanctuary has many statues, several skylights, and art glass windows. On the north side, a stained-glass window depicts St. Boniface, the saint who converted the Germans to Christianity. On the south side, another window depicts St. Henry of Uppsala, the "church builder."</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>As of 2019 the parish remains under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Mass is celebrated on Sundays, 8 a.m. (bilingual:English and Spanish), 10:30 a.m. (English), and 1:15 p.m. (Spanish); Saturdays, 5 p.m. (English); Weekdays, Mon.&ndash;Fri., 12 p.m. and Holy Days, 12 p.m. (English) and 7 p.m. (Spanish).</p><br>
<p>Sts. Peter and Paul Academy is a Catholic school building located at 64 Parsons Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It currently serves as the St. Patrick Senior Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick Parish began in 1862, in response to the influx of Irish Catholics into Detroit. By 1880, St. Patrick had become one of Detroit&#39;s largest and wealthiest parishes, and in 1890 the parish name was changed to "Sts. Peter and Paul." In 1892, to serve the children of the community, a school was built on Parsons.</p><br>
<p>From the time it opened in 1893 until 1969, the school functioned as a co-ed grade school and a high school for girls. The parish resumed its original name of St. Patrick in 1938, and the high school was renamed "Immaculata High School". The high school was soon renamed again as "Girls’ Catholic Central High School", and the grade school was renamed "St. Patrick’s Grade School&quot both names stuck until the school was closed in 1969.</p><br>
<p>After the closing, the school was vacant for three years, until re-opening as the "St. Patrick Senior Center."</p><br>
<p>Mingus Lookout Complex is a fire tower lookout complex atop Mingus Mountain in Prescott National Forest, in Arizona. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The fire tower is a 60 ft Pacific Coast Steel tower built in 1935. It replaced a 41 ft wooden tower. The tower has a 7 ft by 7 ft wooden cab with an overhanging front porch and a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register along with 41 other fire lookout towers in a batch in 1988.</p><br>
